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Titre : Extinction of species : past, present and future Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : David W. Steadman, Auteur Editeur : Chapman and Hall Année de publication : 1991 Importance : p 156-169 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : EXTINCTION DES ESPECES CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE POLITIQUE DE PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT Résumé : Throughout the world, species are being lost at a higher rate than ever before. In destoying these products of billions of years of organic evolution, we threten the existence of all natural communities including human communities. In spite of our attempts to live apart from nature, humans require adequate supplies of air, water and food just like any other animal. Our struggles to attain these supplies have been at the expense of natural communities. Reduction of the world’s human population is essential if we are to preserve any respectable portion of the current diversity of plants and animals. In order to be implemented effectively, population reduction and all other environmental efforts must have popular and governmental support at the local, state, national and international levels. Although, one country’s problem may have a clear impact on other nations, international cooperation is facilitated today by the technological advances in communication and transportation that are homogenizing human cultures.
The environmental damage being done today in the tropics, is the single largest factor contributing to the loss of species. Although such forest clearing provides short-term sustenance for humans, it also guarantees long-term environmental degradation that eventually will limit human populations as well. Particularly in the past decade, many tropical countries have begun to realize the importance of preserving large tracts of forest. Still today, there is a net loss of tropical forest. Recent innovative financial programs such as “debt-for-nature swaps” are helping to save some tropical habitats. These programs should be supported by those of us who can afford it.
As citizens of developed world, there are a number of simple, practical things we can do to alleviate the loss of species. Although these and many other actions are outlined in some detail elsewhere, a few deserve mention here as well, such as having fewer babies, reducing per capita consumption of natural resources, becoming knowledgeable and active in local environmental issues (particularly involving habitat loss), joining conservation groups, doing a nature-oriented trip to the tropics, planting native species of plants to support indigenous wildlife, and not buying products made from tropical hardwoods or from rare or endangered species of animals.
A close look at the past 40,000 years shows that we already live in a world much impoverished by human activity. Rather than accept the extinctions of plants and animals that have already occurred as an excuse to con tinue these exploitations, our challenge today is to learn from these losses as we plan for the future.Numéro du document : A/MT 26 Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Extinction of species : past, present and future [texte imprimé] / David W. Steadman, Auteur . - Chapman and Hall, 1991 . - p 156-169.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : EXTINCTION DES ESPECES CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE POLITIQUE DE PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT Résumé : Throughout the world, species are being lost at a higher rate than ever before. In destoying these products of billions of years of organic evolution, we threten the existence of all natural communities including human communities. In spite of our attempts to live apart from nature, humans require adequate supplies of air, water and food just like any other animal. Our struggles to attain these supplies have been at the expense of natural communities. Reduction of the world’s human population is essential if we are to preserve any respectable portion of the current diversity of plants and animals. In order to be implemented effectively, population reduction and all other environmental efforts must have popular and governmental support at the local, state, national and international levels. Although, one country’s problem may have a clear impact on other nations, international cooperation is facilitated today by the technological advances in communication and transportation that are homogenizing human cultures.
The environmental damage being done today in the tropics, is the single largest factor contributing to the loss of species. Although such forest clearing provides short-term sustenance for humans, it also guarantees long-term environmental degradation that eventually will limit human populations as well. Particularly in the past decade, many tropical countries have begun to realize the importance of preserving large tracts of forest. Still today, there is a net loss of tropical forest. Recent innovative financial programs such as “debt-for-nature swaps” are helping to save some tropical habitats. These programs should be supported by those of us who can afford it.
As citizens of developed world, there are a number of simple, practical things we can do to alleviate the loss of species. Although these and many other actions are outlined in some detail elsewhere, a few deserve mention here as well, such as having fewer babies, reducing per capita consumption of natural resources, becoming knowledgeable and active in local environmental issues (particularly involving habitat loss), joining conservation groups, doing a nature-oriented trip to the tropics, planting native species of plants to support indigenous wildlife, and not buying products made from tropical hardwoods or from rare or endangered species of animals.
A close look at the past 40,000 years shows that we already live in a world much impoverished by human activity. Rather than accept the extinctions of plants and animals that have already occurred as an excuse to con tinue these exploitations, our challenge today is to learn from these losses as we plan for the future.Numéro du document : A/MT 26 Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Exemplaires
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Titre : Impact of climate-induced sea level rise on coastal areas Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Stephen P. Leatherman, Auteur Editeur : Chapman and Hall Année de publication : 1991 Importance : p 170-179 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : ÉLÉVATION DU NIVEAU DE LA MER INDUITE PAR LE CLIMAT CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE ZONE HUMIDE Résumé : The general response of low-lying lands to sea-level rise is retreat via beach erosion and wetland loss. Already extensive coastal marshes are being lost in Louisiana and in the Chesapeake Bay, because the marshes are not able to keep pace with relative sea-level rise and are presently being drowned in place. The prospect for coastal wetlands is bleak in light of existing conditions and projected changes in climate. It is likely that there will be substantial losses of coastal marshes in the future.
90% of the nation’s sandy beaches are experiencing erosion. Historical shoreline studies indicate a wide range in erosion rates. The Atlantic coast average is between 0.6 and 1m of beach erosion per year. The Gulf coast exceeds 1.6m per year due to local subsidence. The Pacific coast is stable on average due to local tectonic uplift and these spatial variations in erosion rates are due to site-specific conditions such as energy conditions, sediment types, tectonic activity and rates of relative sea-level rise.
Three general categories of human responses to shoreline recession are to retreat from the shore, armor the coast or nourish the beach. The proper response is site-specific depending on a number of socioeconomic and environmental factors. Costs and benefits of stabilization or retreat must be carefully considered because the cost in either case is likely to be quite high.
The apparent national desire to live in the coastal zone has long-term and expensive consequences. The federally insured flood program is already burdened with billions of dollars of insured properties close to the water’s edge. Accelerated sea-level rise due to the Greenhouse effect will further jeopardize these vulnerable properties, eventually resulting in massive destruction (without ameliorating action) during major storms at great expense to the American taxpayer.Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Impact of climate-induced sea level rise on coastal areas [texte imprimé] / Stephen P. Leatherman, Auteur . - Chapman and Hall, 1991 . - p 170-179.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : ÉLÉVATION DU NIVEAU DE LA MER INDUITE PAR LE CLIMAT CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE ZONE HUMIDE Résumé : The general response of low-lying lands to sea-level rise is retreat via beach erosion and wetland loss. Already extensive coastal marshes are being lost in Louisiana and in the Chesapeake Bay, because the marshes are not able to keep pace with relative sea-level rise and are presently being drowned in place. The prospect for coastal wetlands is bleak in light of existing conditions and projected changes in climate. It is likely that there will be substantial losses of coastal marshes in the future.
90% of the nation’s sandy beaches are experiencing erosion. Historical shoreline studies indicate a wide range in erosion rates. The Atlantic coast average is between 0.6 and 1m of beach erosion per year. The Gulf coast exceeds 1.6m per year due to local subsidence. The Pacific coast is stable on average due to local tectonic uplift and these spatial variations in erosion rates are due to site-specific conditions such as energy conditions, sediment types, tectonic activity and rates of relative sea-level rise.
Three general categories of human responses to shoreline recession are to retreat from the shore, armor the coast or nourish the beach. The proper response is site-specific depending on a number of socioeconomic and environmental factors. Costs and benefits of stabilization or retreat must be carefully considered because the cost in either case is likely to be quite high.
The apparent national desire to live in the coastal zone has long-term and expensive consequences. The federally insured flood program is already burdened with billions of dollars of insured properties close to the water’s edge. Accelerated sea-level rise due to the Greenhouse effect will further jeopardize these vulnerable properties, eventually resulting in massive destruction (without ameliorating action) during major storms at great expense to the American taxpayer.Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Exemplaires
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Titre : Double jeopardy for migrating wildlife Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Robert T. Lester, Auteur ; J. Peters Myers, Auteur Editeur : Chapman and Hall Année de publication : 1991 Importance : p 119-133 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : DOUBLE PERIL SUR LA FAUNE MIGRANTE SYSTEME DE MIGRATION CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE CONSERVATION DES ESPECES MIGRANTES SEREGENTI UNGULATE Résumé : Global warming promises to transform the natural world, and unable to keep pace with changing climates, many animal and plant populations decline and species are at risk and will be put to extinction.So,one the consequences of this global warming and climatic change is the diminution of the size of the coastal wetlands, boreal forests and arctic and alpine communities. Other ecological effects of global warming will be much more subtle, yet no less profound in their impacts on wildlife and wildlife habitat. For example, changes in the seasonality of temperature, precipitation and other climatologic parameters will have important consequences for many biological phenomena such as flowering , breeding and migration.
Many animals migrate long distances to exploit food and other resources that are unevenly distributed in space and time. Seasonal changes in weather patterns generally control the availability of other resources and thus, the timing of these seasonal changes is of critical importance to migratory animals. Global warming threatens to alter many of the fundamental phenologic relationships that have driven the evolution of migration itself. The double jeopardy for migratory animals lies in their reliance upon the precise timing of resource availabilities and their dependance upon habitats that are themselves especially sensitive to changes in climate.
Shorebirds, because of the specific characteristics of their migratory system and life histories, provide an especially good illustration of how migratory animals could be affected by climate change. Shorebirds will be affected most by global warming due to changes in the timing of migrations and the availability of good resources along their migratory pathways. These changes could lead to serious population declines in some species.
By comparing shorebirds migrations with the migration of ungulates on the Serengeti Plain in East Africa, we could understand how climatic changes could affect different types of migratory systems. The annual migration of ungulates from dry- to wet-season ranges is less constrained in time and space than the long-distance, latitudinal migrations of shorebirds. However, the complexity of biotic interactions associated with this system could leave it equally vulnerable to the climatic changes wrought by global warming. In both cases, global warming will present an unprecedented challenge to the conservation of migratory species.
Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Double jeopardy for migrating wildlife [texte imprimé] / Robert T. Lester, Auteur ; J. Peters Myers, Auteur . - Chapman and Hall, 1991 . - p 119-133.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : DOUBLE PERIL SUR LA FAUNE MIGRANTE SYSTEME DE MIGRATION CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE CONSERVATION DES ESPECES MIGRANTES SEREGENTI UNGULATE Résumé : Global warming promises to transform the natural world, and unable to keep pace with changing climates, many animal and plant populations decline and species are at risk and will be put to extinction.So,one the consequences of this global warming and climatic change is the diminution of the size of the coastal wetlands, boreal forests and arctic and alpine communities. Other ecological effects of global warming will be much more subtle, yet no less profound in their impacts on wildlife and wildlife habitat. For example, changes in the seasonality of temperature, precipitation and other climatologic parameters will have important consequences for many biological phenomena such as flowering , breeding and migration.
Many animals migrate long distances to exploit food and other resources that are unevenly distributed in space and time. Seasonal changes in weather patterns generally control the availability of other resources and thus, the timing of these seasonal changes is of critical importance to migratory animals. Global warming threatens to alter many of the fundamental phenologic relationships that have driven the evolution of migration itself. The double jeopardy for migratory animals lies in their reliance upon the precise timing of resource availabilities and their dependance upon habitats that are themselves especially sensitive to changes in climate.
Shorebirds, because of the specific characteristics of their migratory system and life histories, provide an especially good illustration of how migratory animals could be affected by climate change. Shorebirds will be affected most by global warming due to changes in the timing of migrations and the availability of good resources along their migratory pathways. These changes could lead to serious population declines in some species.
By comparing shorebirds migrations with the migration of ungulates on the Serengeti Plain in East Africa, we could understand how climatic changes could affect different types of migratory systems. The annual migration of ungulates from dry- to wet-season ranges is less constrained in time and space than the long-distance, latitudinal migrations of shorebirds. However, the complexity of biotic interactions associated with this system could leave it equally vulnerable to the climatic changes wrought by global warming. In both cases, global warming will present an unprecedented challenge to the conservation of migratory species.
Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Exemplaires
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Titre : Potential impact of global warming : climate change and human mortality Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Laurence S. Kalkstein, Auteur Editeur : Chapman and Hall Année de publication : 1991 Importance : p 216-223 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : MORTALITE HUMAINE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE Résumé : This study has suggested that weather has a profound effect on human mortality and that the impact is different depending on a seasonal and regional variations. In addition, it appears that human mortality may increase if a global warming occurs similar to what is predicted by the GCMs. If the population does not acclimatize, over 7000 additional annual deaths atributable to the increasingly harsh weather can be expected in the SMSAs of the 15-city sample . This figure is more startling when it is considered that these numbers correspond to average summer conditions. An analog of the very hot summer of 1998 occuring in the 21st century will no doubt increase weather-unduced mortality to a much higher number. Although estimates for partial acclimatization are more modest, general increases are still expected and deaths attributable to weather are predicted to increase by four to five times the present levels.
The global implications of these findings are possibly more alarming and similar climate changes are predicted for Third World and other lesser developed countries and there is no reason to expect that the mortality response to more stressful weather will be any less in these regions. In fact, the migration of insect vectors, which transmit a variety of infectious diseases, may exacerbate the problem even further in underdeveloped countries where health care facilities are inadequate. Thus, it appears that specific policy decisions are necessary to prepare for a significant rise in human mortality if the warming scenarios reflect climate conditions into the 21st century.
Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Potential impact of global warming : climate change and human mortality [texte imprimé] / Laurence S. Kalkstein, Auteur . - Chapman and Hall, 1991 . - p 216-223.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : MORTALITE HUMAINE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE Résumé : This study has suggested that weather has a profound effect on human mortality and that the impact is different depending on a seasonal and regional variations. In addition, it appears that human mortality may increase if a global warming occurs similar to what is predicted by the GCMs. If the population does not acclimatize, over 7000 additional annual deaths atributable to the increasingly harsh weather can be expected in the SMSAs of the 15-city sample . This figure is more startling when it is considered that these numbers correspond to average summer conditions. An analog of the very hot summer of 1998 occuring in the 21st century will no doubt increase weather-unduced mortality to a much higher number. Although estimates for partial acclimatization are more modest, general increases are still expected and deaths attributable to weather are predicted to increase by four to five times the present levels.
The global implications of these findings are possibly more alarming and similar climate changes are predicted for Third World and other lesser developed countries and there is no reason to expect that the mortality response to more stressful weather will be any less in these regions. In fact, the migration of insect vectors, which transmit a variety of infectious diseases, may exacerbate the problem even further in underdeveloped countries where health care facilities are inadequate. Thus, it appears that specific policy decisions are necessary to prepare for a significant rise in human mortality if the warming scenarios reflect climate conditions into the 21st century.
Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Exemplaires
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Titre : Energy policy and global warming Type de document : texte imprimé Auteurs : Jan Beyea, Auteur Editeur : Chapman and Hall Année de publication : 1995 Importance : p 224-242 Langues : Anglais (eng) Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : POLITIQUE DE L’ENERGIE EFFET DE SERRE DIFFERENTES ENERGIES UTILISATION DES COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES Résumé : We have a moral responsibility to prevent climate disaster and we can do so without disruption by steadily cutting CO2 emissions 2% a year over the next 50 years. The United States must set an example in developing an environmentally responsible energy policy, one that always takes climate protection into consideration. For their part, environmentalists must realize that conventional use of coal can no longer be considered an acceptable substitute for nuclear power.
We have many options and must consider the environmental pluses and minuses of each. As the first part of the solution, the public must be educated about energy efficiency , including the need to change transportation and recycling infrastructures. Keeping energy consumptionconstant or slightly declining while the economy is growing is a worthy goal. To accomplish it efficiency standards must be imposed, even at the risk of interfering with the free market.
The other half of the solution is solar technologies. They can make a big difference, for they cause much fewer environmental problems than fossil fuels. Expanding research into photovoltaics could be the most important energy research step that can be taken for the future. Photovoltaics alone could power the entire economy in an environmentally reponsible manner. Other possibilities, such as hydropower, wind, ocean-thermal, geothermal, biomass and fusion have less potential. Nuclear power does protect the climate but has other problems and is in public disfavor. For it to replace coal electricity would require the siting of 500 facilities over the next 50 years, which would meet resistance. However, second-generation nuclear designs are worth researching as an insurance policy, to guard against failure of the solar option.
Over the long term, we will have to pay more for energy to cut down CO2emissions , but the cost of living in a deteriorated world for our descendants would be much greater.
Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Energy policy and global warming [texte imprimé] / Jan Beyea, Auteur . - Chapman and Hall, 1995 . - p 224-242.
Langues : Anglais (eng)
Catégories : SCIENCES DE L'ENVIRONNEMENT Mots-clés : POLITIQUE DE L’ENERGIE EFFET DE SERRE DIFFERENTES ENERGIES UTILISATION DES COMBUSTIBLES FOSSILES Résumé : We have a moral responsibility to prevent climate disaster and we can do so without disruption by steadily cutting CO2 emissions 2% a year over the next 50 years. The United States must set an example in developing an environmentally responsible energy policy, one that always takes climate protection into consideration. For their part, environmentalists must realize that conventional use of coal can no longer be considered an acceptable substitute for nuclear power.
We have many options and must consider the environmental pluses and minuses of each. As the first part of the solution, the public must be educated about energy efficiency , including the need to change transportation and recycling infrastructures. Keeping energy consumptionconstant or slightly declining while the economy is growing is a worthy goal. To accomplish it efficiency standards must be imposed, even at the risk of interfering with the free market.
The other half of the solution is solar technologies. They can make a big difference, for they cause much fewer environmental problems than fossil fuels. Expanding research into photovoltaics could be the most important energy research step that can be taken for the future. Photovoltaics alone could power the entire economy in an environmentally reponsible manner. Other possibilities, such as hydropower, wind, ocean-thermal, geothermal, biomass and fusion have less potential. Nuclear power does protect the climate but has other problems and is in public disfavor. For it to replace coal electricity would require the siting of 500 facilities over the next 50 years, which would meet resistance. However, second-generation nuclear designs are worth researching as an insurance policy, to guard against failure of the solar option.
Over the long term, we will have to pay more for energy to cut down CO2emissions , but the cost of living in a deteriorated world for our descendants would be much greater.
Numéro du document : A/MAC Niveau Bibliographique : 2 Bull1 (Theme principale) : METEOROLOGIE ,ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE Bull2 (Theme secondaire) : ATMOSPHERE,CLIMATOLOGIE-CONSIDERATION GENERALE Exemplaires
Code-barres Cote Support Localisation Section Disponibilité aucun exemplaire PermalinkPermalinkChanges of temperature and hydrology caused by an increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide as predicted by general circulation models / Richard T. Wetherald
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