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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Biodiversity: what is it ?
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Thomas E. Lovejoy, Auteur
Editeur :	Joseph Henry Press
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 7-14
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE
Résumé :	In this chapter, biodiversity is viewed in a different way, one of them is that, one looks at the overall perspective of evolutionary time and at a great radiation from single ancestor and the second one is as a characteristic of natural communities. Somewhere, another way to look at the biodiversity is globally and collectively: current estimates of the total number of species run from 10 to 100 million, so one can break it down and look at certain segments of global totals, such as the diversity of higher plants, number of species or expressed as sheer weight. By the same token, others think about biodiversity as where it is most concentrated. The best known concentration is in tropical forests-those places near the equator where there is enough moisture sufficiently distributed through the year to maintain a tropical forest formation. Biodiversity matters to human beings in a variety of ways, there are important aesthetic and ethical dimensions but part of our existence depends on direct use, whether it is the botanical species that flavor gin or the wild relatives of a major agricultural crop. One of the most interesting aspects of biodiversity is the evolutionary tension between species of insects that exert grazing pressure on species of plants and the chemical and biochemical defenses that these plant species produce to reduce the pressure. Yet another way to think about biodiversity is the way in which it collectively provides us with “free services”.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Biodiversity at its utmost : tropical forest beetles
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Terry L. Erwin, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 27-40
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE FORET TROPICALE SCARABEE TAXONOMIE INSECTE
Résumé :	The rate at which all the foregoing can be done is 58 specimens and 13 species per hour, therefore, using the rate of accumulation for additional species found in Panama forest foliage, 1.7 per m3 of microhabitat, we should be able to sample 70,000m3 of microhabitat and process 50,000 species of beetles in 2 ½ years. In other words, we know the actors and where they are standing on the stage and each has a number hanging around its neck. The taxasphere is another creature and getting formal names on the inventoried species is highly dependent on the group of beetles, its history of studies and its current taxonomists. The advantages of the TWIG (Taxonomic Working Group)protocol are that (1) it is far more rapid than any of its predecessors; (2) data byproducts allow diverse follow-up studies beyond the inventory process; (3) targeted taxa known to be important to users can be piped readily (and continuously) through the taxasphere; (4) space and storage facilities are minimized because samples mostly are stored cold in two-dram shell vials or petri dishes until needed by a dedicated specialist; and (5) dedicated specialists will “donate” their time to the collections as they select and prepare specimens from cold storage, hence building collections becomes a shared taxaspheric process. Beyond the inventory itself, such questions as “do beetles form discreet assemblages in tropical forests, or in any biotope anywhere?” can be tested. If so, how that information might be used for answering scientific questions and for developing conservation strategies is of considerable interest. The objective of this kind of study would be to fill a large gap in our understanding of hyperdiversity. For example, (1) what percentage do beetles contribute to a sample? (2) what is the fidelity of beetle faunules to microhabitats?(3) what is the rate of species turnover across extensive geographic space in the tropics? (4) What is the rate of the local species replacement among and between tropical microhabitats?(5) What proportion of the total beetle fauna inhabits arboreal versus forest floor habitats?(6)What is the rate of change in composition of faunules with respect to altitude? This information does not now exist on any meaningful scale for any hyper-diverse group of organisms. Without this information, it is impossible to scale any kind of locally derived estimate of biodiversity to even a regional perspective. With this information, we believe that we can get much closer to estimating the magnitude of life on the planet and with these kinds off data from three or four ATBIs, much finer estimates can be made elsewhere of actual amounts of biodiversity that are based on fewer samples and made quicker inventories.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Measuring global biodiversity and its decline
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Nigel E. Stork, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 41-68
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE DECLIN DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT TAXONOMIE EXTINCTION D’ESPECES
Résumé :	In recent years, biologists have come to recognize just how little we know about the organisms with which we share the planet Earth. In particular, attempts to determine how many species there are in total have been surprisingly fruitless. In this chapter, we do examine this and a number of related issues. Firstly, we consider the progress or rather the apparent lack of progress that we have made in describing organisms. Second, the study is focused on how much we know about the biology, distribution and threatened status of those species that have been described as well as the different methods that have been used to determine the global number of species and finally the author examines the likelihood of extinction of species.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Butterfly diversity and a preliminary comparison with bird and mammal diversity
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Robert K. Robbins, Auteur ; Paul A. Opler, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 69-82
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE PAPILLON OISEAUX DIVERSITE MAMMALE DIVERSITE NEOTROPICALE
Résumé :	The best known insects are butterflies; an estimated 90% of the world’s species have scientific names. As a consequence, their biology has been investigated and they are the best group of insects for examining patterns of terrestrial biotic diversity and distribution. They also have a favorable image with the general public, hence they are an excellent group for communicating information on science and conservation issues such as diversity. Perhaps the aspect of butterfly diversity that has received the most attention over the last century is the striking difference in species richness between tropical and temperate regions. A general theory of diversity would have to predict not only this difference between temperate and tropical zones but also patterns within each region and how these vary among different animal and plant groups. However, for butterflies, variation of species richness, within temperate or tropical regions, rather than between them, is poorly understood. The first three sections of this chapter summarize general patterns of butterfly throughout the world, within the conterminous United States, and in the Neotropics respectively. The fourth sections points out, albeit how the distributions of butterflies and presumably other insects, paint a different biogeographical picture of the world than the distributions of birds and mammals. Finally, we briefly discuss the significance of the observed patterns for conservation and for the study of diversity.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	The global biodiversity of coral reefs: a comparison with rain forests
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 83-108
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	RECIF CORAIL BIODIVERSITE FORET TROPICALE ANALYSE DES ESPECES ETUDE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT
Résumé :	There has been increasing concern over declining global biodiversity due to overexploitation and habitat destruction by humans who now consume 20 to 40% of the global net terrestrial primary productivity. Tropical communities are important in the global economics of biodiversity because it is here that human populations are increasing most rapidly, monetary resources will be most strained and problems of food production, pollution and environmental change will be most acute during the twenty first century. Two of the most diverse natural communities on Earth, coral reefs and rain forests, both occur in the tropics. Coral reefs resemble rain forests in their biologically-generated physical complexity, high species diversity, elaborate specializations of component species. Rain forests and coral reefs are usually considered to represent the two pinnacles of biodiversity on Earth, yet no detailed attempts to quantify the total species diversity on coral reefs have been made. This chapter describes why coral reefs are important for all societies to conserve and manage for the future, addresses the need for training specialists in the systematics of marine organisms, (particularly those who would study the rich and poorly-known tropical regions) and provides the first quantified estimate of the total biodiversity of global coral reefs as compared to rain forests.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	The rich diversity of biodiversity issues
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Norman Myers, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 125-138
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE LAC ZONE HUMIDE
Résumé :	Biodiversity question becomes more challenging and more prominent among scientists and the public as it is turning out to be a rich complex of interacting factors. In this chapter, the writer looks at a selection of these issues. While biodiversity and life itself is the key charasteristic of our planet, we know more about the total numbers of atoms in the universe than about the Earth’s complement of species. We spend more on exploring distant planets than on documenting the abundance and variety of life here on Earth. Scientific absurdity as this may be, taxonomists and systematists themselves are becoming an endangered entity. In fact, the one thing we know for certain about biodiversity is that it is declining at ever faster rates.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Human-caused extinction of birds
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	David W. Steadman, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 139-161
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	OISEAU EXTINCTION DES FAUNES PERTE D’HABITAT
Résumé :	Birds have attracted more than their share of our zoological attention due to their conspicuous and appealing being to the human senses of sight. So by necessity, birds have played a prominent role in our understanding of the processes by which species become rare, endangered and extinct. The resulting literature on avian conservation biology has proliferated for decades and now is part of the information explosion with all of its benefits and frustrations. So this chapter discusses extinction, the final stage of endangerment. Extinction really is forever, in spite of what we are led to believe in dinosaur movies. Extinction is occuring today at an unprecedented rates across a broad range of terrestrial and aquatic habitats. Because species richness of birds is so high in tropical forests, the single most prolific cause of endangerment and extinction in birds is the destruction of tropical forests. Deforestation and other types of habitat loss also deplete avian communities in temperate and high latitude areas which typically have fewer species of birds to lose than tropical areas. We have no evidence that any of the species of birds now endangered or that have gone extinct in recent millenia would be in their predicament if not for human activity. While extinction does occur naturally, human impact has increased rates of extinction by orders of magnitudes over background rates and therefore is the only significant cause of our current biodiversity crisis.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Global warming and plant species richness: a case study of the Paleocene/Eocene boundary
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Scott L. Wing, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 163-185
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	EFFET DE SERRE RICHESSE EN ESPECES VEGETALES CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE TRANSITION PALEOCENE-EOCENE
Résumé :	There is widespread concern over the possibility that greenhouse gases generated by human activity may cause global warming. Much effort is being devoted to monitoring changes in climate and organisms and to modeling the possible effects of greenhouse gases on climatic and biological systems. Programs of monitoring and modeling are necessary but the geological history of the earth and its biota have not been mined thoroughly enough for information about global climate and ecosystem response to climatic change. This chapter focuses on climatic changes and biotic events that took place during the Paleocene-Eocene transition about 55 million years ago. With the exception of the Holocene deglaciation, the Paleocene-Eocene transition is probably the best documented example of a geologically rapid warming of global climate, although just how rapid it is still a matter of investigation. Our distance in time from these events places severe limitations on our ability to determine the rates of environmental and biological changes and especially the synchroneity of events over large geographic areas. Typically, events that are less than 10,000 years apart appear synchronous and records from different parts of the world cannot be correlated with greater than 100,000 year resolution. Still, the Paleocene-Eocene warming event is a close match for extreme predictions of human-induced global warming in terms of the absolute magnitude of warming and final climatic conditions. This makes the Paleocene-Eocene interval a valuable example for improving our understanding of the effect of rapid global warming on terrestrial ecosystems.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Biodiversity: why is it important ?
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Ruth Patrick, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 15-24
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE ECOSYSTEME
Résumé :	The term biodiversity - the presence of a large number of species of animals and plants - is now recognized as being important by many people. To most people, the existence of many species is important because their psychological differencies furnish various sources of food, clothing, shelter and medecine for man. Species also differ in their physical and chemical characteristics, which is true of plants. For example we have cotton, flax and ratan which are all products of various species of plants and are used for different types of clothing. Likewise, the structure of plants, be they trees or palm fronds or bamboo poles, serve as a source of shelter for much of the human race. Therefore, from the human standpoint, the presence of a great number of species with different structures, different chemical compositions and different lifespans from one of the most important bases of life for humans throughout the planet. Also these aspects are very important to society,there are far more important aspects of biodiversity that many people do not realize. For example it is the presence of different kinds of plants that make up the food of grazing animals for example grass, herbs and fruits. It is this great diversity of plant life with its varying fodd values that enables the existence of many different kinds of animals.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Common measures for studies of biodiversity : molecular phylogeny in the Eukaryotic microbial world
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Mitchell L. Sogin, Auteur ; Gregory Hinkle, Auteur
Année de publication :	1997
Importance :	p 109-122
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	PHYLOGÉNIE MOLÉCULAIRE BIODIVERSITE MICROBE EUKARYOTIQUE MONDE MICROBIAL
Résumé :	Biodiversity is surveyed at many different levels using a broad array of criteria. For many naturalists, richness in biodiversity is measured in terms of the number of species of a given genus per m2. Others are more concerned with the number of genera, classes, kingdoms etc...within an ecosystem. Although the fundamental concepts in systematic biology that underlie these studies are well established, different properties are used to infer evolutionary relationships for different kinds of organisms. Consequently, above the level of species, equivalence among taxonomic ranks for fungi, plants and animals is rather poor. Within the microbial world, the assignment of taxa to a particular species is generally meaningless. Accordingly, systematic descriptions of biodiversity can be contentious and sometimes are more appropriately described as forms of political ecology. If systematic biologists and ecologists are to complete an inventory of the taxosphere, its full importance will be appreciated only if a "common currency" can be established , one that will allow genetic diversity in one group to be calibrated against that observed in any other evolutionary assemblage.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Plant response to multiple environmental stresses: implications for climatic change and biodiversity
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Irwin N. Forseth, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 187-196
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	STRESS ENVIRONEMENTAL BIODIVERSITE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE REPONSE DE DEFENSE DES PLANTES
Résumé :	It is estimated that, about 25 000 of the 250 000 species of plants on earth are classified as extinct, endangered or vulnerable. Causes of part extinction and present endangerments encompass a variety of activities associated with the growing human population, including browsing and overgazing, land clearing for agriculture, deforestation, collection of aggressive species of plants. Documentation of the effects of deforestation or invasion of alien species has occurred, however the assessment of human-caused climatic changes on present and future plant biodiversity levels is a more difficult undertaking. Many of the projections about the future global climates come from general circulation models (GCMs). These models have variations and uncertainties in their projections and in their ability to model the Earth’s climate. However, they do provide plausible regional scenarios of climatic change that ecologists can use to examine community and ecosystem responses. All models show substantial changes in climate when CO2 is doubled. Most models project greater temperatur increases in midlatitude, temperate regions and in midcontinental regions, relative to overall global means. In addition, many of these models predict that changes in regional precipitation patterns occur, with decreases in midlatitude areas. These areas are currently major crop-producing regions of the world. A final prediction of many GCMs is that doubling CO2 concentrations in the atmosphere may lead to increased occurrences of extreme events, such as major storms, long droughts, severe cold spells or prolonged heat waves .Because of the vulnerability of small populations to extreme climatic events, these latter occurrences are of special concerns to ecologists who study biodiversity.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Names: the keys to biodiversity
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Christian F. Thompson, Auteur
Importance :	p 199-211
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE LANGAGE DE LA BIODIVERSITE
Résumé :	Besides biodiversity, the one thing that all the chapters included in this volume that have in common is scientific names. These names form the essential language, the mean we use to communicate about biodiversity. To avoid a Tower of Babel, a common system of nomencalture is required : a system that is effective and efficient and at minimal cost. Presented below are the essential aspects of language for biodiversity and a discussion of where we are in respect to their implementation. The long-term conservation of biodiversity can be achieved through the approach used by the Instituto Nacional de Biodiversidad. Characterization requires that we have a language with which to communicate about biodiversity : a way of describing it, so that we all know what we are talking about and that we are talking about the same things. How do we characterize biodiversity? The first step is to name its components. Biodiversity is divisible into three levels : ecological, taxonomic and genetic. Of these levels, taxonomic diversity is critical because taxa are the units that contain genetic diversity and are the units that make up ecological diversity. Since taxa are the core of biodiversity, names for taxa are the most critical component of any language of biodiversity.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Biodiversity and systematics: their application to agriculture
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Douglass R. Miller, Auteur ; Amy Y. Rossman, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 217-229
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE AGRICULTURE DURABILITE SYSTEMATIQUE AGRICOLE
Résumé :	Systematics and biodiversity are the threads that form and hold the fabric of agriculture together. Agricultural development is increasingly dependent on the interactions and knowledge base of systematics and biological diversity. Biodiversity itself is the grist of the agricultural mill - the germplasm. Systematics is the explorer, describer, organizer and predictor of biological diversity. Agricultural is a primary user of the products of the interactions between biodiversity and systematics. This chapter examines the history of this interaction and shows how current and future practices in agriculture increasingly require more detailed knowledge of the world's biota. This chapter also focuses on a series of examples demonstrating the importance of systematics and biodiversity in agriculture and suggests a solution to a serious dilemma that faces agriculture today and in the future.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Snout moths: unraveling the taxonomic diversity of a speciose group in the neotropics
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	M. Alma Solis, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 231-242
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE DIVERSITE TAXONOMIQUE PYRALIDE PAPILLON
Résumé :	Biodiversity studies often ignore the insects, one of the most important and diverse groups of organisms on this planet. With estimates of 5 to 30 million species of insects, the simple request to provide a scientific name can be nearly impossible for insect taxonomists , in strong contrast with the capability of vertebrate taxonomists who work with smaller and better-known taxa. Within the insects, butterflies have been regarded as good subjects for biodiversity studies because there are fewer species and they are taxonomically well known. Butterflies constitute about 15% of the 140 000+species of lepidoptera ; the rest are moths. However, it would be a mistake to utilize only less diverse groups in biodiversity studies, because the more speciose groups such as moths may have a greater impact on the Earth’s sustainable resources. Moths have many positive attributes for biodiversity studies : they are found in almost all habitats and niches, possess many specialized behaviors, are good indicators of areas of endemism, show rapid responses to environmental disturbance, can be sampled with quantitative methods and have many taxa that are readily identifiable . The keys to the transfer of information about a speciose group of insects in a short period of time are collections and taxonomists. Taxonomic refinement and computerization of pyraloid collections will provide an impetus for studies of diversity and faunistic composition of snout moths in other tropical areas and the most difficult aspect but the most important has been the transfer of information from taxonomists who have volunteered their time and from the past work of taxonomists that we now build on and use to answer some of the present questions.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Phylogeny and historical reconstruction: host parasite systems as keystones in biogeography and ecology
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Eric P. Hoberg, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 243-261
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	PHYLOGENIE HOST-PARASITE SYSTEMS HISTORICAL RECONSTRUCTION PARASITES TAPEWORMS MARSUPIALS HISTORICAL PROBES
Résumé :	Biodiversity represents the complex interaction of phylogeny, ecology, geography and history as determinants of organismal evolution and distribution. Accordingly, the perception of biotic diversity is a function of scale with respect to populational and ecological identity, spatial relationships and temporal duration. Conceptually, biodiversity includes a range of micro- to macroassociations extending from the enumeration of taxa and elucidation of interactions within contemporary ecosystems to the recognition of ancestrals areas, regions of endemism and significant centers of organismal evolution. At one end of this continuum is historical biogeography, which encompasses the study of pattern and process in the distribution of organisms and historical ecology, which is involved with macroevolutionary process in community development. Thus, with phylogenetic analyses, a record of geological change and knowledge of ecological interactions, hypotheses may be posed about production of biological diversity and evolution community structure within a rigorous macroevolutionary context. In this framework, parasites constitute elegant indicators of the historical and ecological development, temporal longevity, current health and prospects for continuity of biotas. Current research in biodiversity has focused on regions already profoundly influenced by anthropogenic perturbations and predicted to be strongly affected by climatic change. However, many of these approaches to faunal assessment have been limited in scope taxonomically, geographically and temporally. Recent attempts in assessment of biodiversity, although covering a range of local, biomic and global scales, often have concentrated on modern communities and on taxonomically restricted groups, thus obscuring a broader historical and ecological context. There has been a notable but often necessary, focus that has led research to be largely centered on birds, mammals, selected groups of arthropods and vascular plants in an often nondimensional framework that has emphasized contemporary biotic associations.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Comparative behavioral and biochemical studies of bowerbirds and the evolution of bower-building
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Gerald Borgia, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 263-276
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	ETUDE BIOCHIMIQUE BOWERBIRDS BOWER-BUILDING
Résumé :	Unprecedented human-induced changes in the environment are causing a rapid loss of species and their habitats. Common responses to the loss of biodiversity include habitat conservation and increased efforts to understand the origin and maintenance of biodiversity. While there is no doubt that these are critical activities, it is unclear the extent to which these and related conservation approaches can stem the tide of extinctions. Global threat such as climatic warming and ozone depletion place all species on the planet at risk and complicate attempts to determine the level of threat for particular species or communities. There must be an intensive effort to collect the information about species before they go extinct or are relegated to reserves in degraded habitats. Otherwise, we never will have detailed information about the life history, specialized adaptations, social behavior or relationship with other species for the vast majority of species that go extinct. For those left close to extinction on degraded habitats in zoos or in preserves, our ability to understand their ecological and evolutionary relationships to other species and the surrounding habitat will be great compromised. One author describes “unmined riches” locked in the diverse and poorly known biotas. He offers recent discoveries of natural seed stocks and the use of secondary compounds from plants as pharmaceutical agents as examples of such riches. But biologists have been less emphatic about the unmined intellectual resources that are lost with extinction. As species go extinct and habitats are degraded, the opportunity to use natural communities as sources of information about basic physiological, ecological and evolutionary processes is lost forever. As with basic research in other areas, the natural historical sciences also offer prospects for unforeseen intellectual and economically important discoveries. The grim prospect of the loss of much biodiversity is tempered somewhat by the availability of many well-trained experts in a variety of natural historical fields, by the maturation of these fields in which intellectually significant issues have been identified, and the explosion of new tools to decode the information locked up in natural systems. Molecular methods for phylogenetic reconstruction, methodologies for comparative studies and automated equipment that allows collection of data on diverse sorts of organisms all are becoming available and are being put to use in field studies. It is a sad coincidence that, as we are gaining sophisticated tools for exploring the natural history of organisms, there is a dramatic loss of species that can be studied. We are at a critical time when we have the opportunity to collect some of the most detailed and useful natural history information before many species go extinct. A broadly based biodiversity initiative that emphasizes both conservation and natural historical studies directed as species in still vibrant populations must be considered the only appropriate response to the loss of biodiversity.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Microbial biodiversity and biotechnology
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Rita R. Colwell, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 279-287
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE BIOTECHNOLOGIE MICROORGANISME MICROBE
Résumé :	Biodiversity and biotechnology are interrelated and interdependent. With respect to microbial diversity, microorganisms have been used in a variety of ways in the food industry. A good example is the dairy industry, in which microorganisms have been used to produce yogurt and cheese. Genetic modification of key organisms used in the manufacture of these foods has been accomplished to improve flavor, texture and taste of the final product. Thus, the enormous diversity of the Earth provides the foundation for biotechnology, not only in food production, but also in agriculture to improve soil fertility in the pharmaceutical industry as a source of antimicrobial and antitumor agents and in production of compounds of value in the chemical industry, e.g., dextran, a bacterial polymer. Despite the popular press’ view of biotechnology, it is not a field that was discovered recently. In fact, it enjoys a long history of contribution to the well-being of humans, since leavening of bread and the fermentation of grapes to make wine were activities practiced centuries ago. However, following on the steps of the Industrial Revolution, development of large scale fermentation processes, coupled with major discoveries in genetics providing an understanding of genes and chromosomes and the molecular basis of heredity, the explosive developments in modern biotechnology were made possible during the past 20 years. Faced with burgeoning human populations, many government leaders expect the biotechnology « revolution » to provide a solution for the ever-increasing global demand for food and to resolve human medical and epidemiological issues. Unfortunately, there is a significant distance between this hope and actual fulfillment. Nevertheless, without the contributions of biotechnology to agriculture and medecine, it is unlikely that these problems will be overcome. This paper provides a brief description of the biotechnology industry, reviews the biodiversity of microorganisms then examines the significance of this biodiversity for a sustainable biosphere and finally evaluates the significance of microbial biodiversity for the further development and application of biotechnology for human needs.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	The impact of rapid gene discovery technology on studies of evolution and biodiversity
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Carol J. Bult, Auteur ; Judith A. Blake, Auteur ; Mark D. Adams, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 289-299
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	RAPID GENE DISCOVERY BIODIVERSITY
Résumé :	Topics of critical concern for biodiversity include the development of standards to assess levels and distributions of diversity and the creation of a global network of interoperable databases to manage, analyze and distribute large amounts of information to researchers and policymakers. The technical challengers confronted by researchers working to map and sequence the human genome have led to new strategies for rapid gene discovery and informatics, that, as the authors are applying to large-scale molecular assessment of biodiversity. In this chapter, we describe the research efforts in areas relevant to biodiversity assessment, specifically, the following points are outlined : the development of multiple molecular markers for identification and classification of species, the second one is the development of new algorithms for multiple sequence alignment and the last one is the databases that link taxonomic, phylogenetic, geographic and molecular data.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Initial assessment of character sets from five nuclear gene sequences in animals
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Timothy P. Friedlander, Auteur ; Jerome C. Regier, Auteur ; Charles Mitter, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 301-320
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE GENE NUCLEAIRE SEQUENCE DE GENE PHYLOGENIE ANALYSE PHYLOGENETIQUE
Résumé :	There is a growing agreement that, because any single sequence alone may be misleading, molecular systematic inferences can rest securely only on concordant results from multiple independent sequences. For nucleotides sequences, most inferences in animals have been based on either the mitochondrial genome or the nuclear ribosomal gene family. The analyses described herein are directed at documenting the informativeness of additional nuclear gene sequences. The selection of phylogenetically informative sequences from the nuclear genome is not trivial and current methods of inference deal most effectively with point substitutions and simple insertion/deletion events within independently evolving orthologous sequences. Problems such as distinguishing orthologs from paralogs or detecting nonindependent evolution are often intractable. Even data on point substitutions are hard to interpret when divergence is great and multiple hits are common. For these reasons, most of the nuclear genome probably is not useful for any given systematic question. For example, nontranscribed regions, which constitute the vast majority of the nuclear genome, are unlikely to be informative about higher-level taxonomic relationships. The difficulty of a priori selection of likely sequences currently limits the exploitation of nuclear genes for phylogenetic studies. In a previous study, we delimited 14 protein-encoding nuclear genes whose sequences are likely to contain interpretable phylogenetic information, largely in the form of point substitutions. The criteria for their selection included appropriate levels of sequence conservation for deep taxonomic splits as inferred from comparisons of published sequences and desirable features of gene structure. In particular, these genes are present in just one or a few copies, simplifying identification of orthologous comparisons. They each contain over 1000 basepairs of fairly uniformly evolving coding regions, hence many potential characters. They are free of internal repetitive elements or obvious nucleotide bias that would complicate sequence alignments and analysis. In the current study, we have sought to gauge the phylogenetic information content of five promising genes for animal phylogenetics, they were examined for phylogenetic informativeness in three ways : first, the sequences were mapped onto accepted phylogenies strongly supported by previous evidence, this permitted the assessment of character support for each clade and the temporal partitioning of characters by their times of divergence. Mapping also permitted identification of homoplasious characters. Secondly, the sequences were analyzed by parsimony and the resulting minimum-length trees compared with the accepted phylogeny. Character sets consisting of amino acids of total nucleotides and of nucleotides from each of the three codon positions were analyzed separately. Characters were partitioned in this manner because nucleotides within protein-encoding sequences evolve at different rates and thus are likely to be maximally informative at different taxonomic levels. Such tests provide the strongest available validation of the phylogenetic utility of a candidte gene. A third, less direct but readily obtainable, predictor of phylogenetic informativeness is pairwise sequence divergence. Over the lowest part of its range, pairwise divergence should be related to the number of informative characters. This model,in conjunction with empirical saturation plots, provides heuristic guidelines for the onset of saturation. These guidelines, in combination with the phylogenetic concordance studies, permit a first estimate of the taxonomic level over which each character set in the five genes will be maximally informative.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Gap analysis for biodiversity survey and maintenance
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	J.Michael Scott, Auteur ; Blair Csuti, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 321-340
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE CARTE ECOSYSTEMIQUE SCHEMA DE DISTRIBUTION D'ESPECES
Résumé :	One postulated that reversing the loss of biodiversity requires a quasi-religious transformation of the way contemporary cultures view the value of human life and the intrinsic values of organic diversity. Even if that transformation were to occur today, we would be faced with a cruel reality : maintaining viable examples of every natural community, including the myriad of species they support, is the fundamental mechanism for conserving biodiversity, from genes and species to ecosystems, have distributions but they have not been mapped at scales useful for developing a national biodiversity conservation and management strategy. Centuries of scientific collectors have deposited tens of millions of specimens in the world’s museums and herbaria. These form the foundation of our knowledge of species distributions, yet many areas and taxa remain poorly sampled. While not a substitute for traditional biological surveys, we feel that gap analysis can provide a preliminary, landscape-scale assessment of the distribution of both species and ecosystem diversity that can be used to guide future field research and to provide a spatial framework for a preliminary national biodiversity conservation strategy. The gap analysis approach to biodiversity survays holds promise for the rapid development of information on the distribution of several indicators of biodiversity in areas of the world that have been less well-sampled. We identify four steps in gap analysis : (1)identify and classify biodiversity, (2) locate areas managed primarly for biodiversity, (3) identify biodiversity that is un or underrepresented in those managed areas and (4) set priorities for conservation action. While these steps remain essential to gap analysis, the distribution of the vegetation cover and species, gathered as a precursor to analysis, has considerable application to natural resource inventory and monitoring in and of itself.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Conservation of biodiversity in neotropical primates
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	James M. Dietz, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 341-356
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE PRIMATE NEOTROPICALE
Résumé :	Compilations were published in 1986 on the distribution and conservation status of most neotropical primates and these contributions established regional and taxonomic priorities for conservation and research initiatives on neotropical primates. Since that time, considerable progress has been made in our understanding of the biology of neotropical primates and in the application of appropriate conservation methods to ensure that species will survive to be considered in future biodiversity symposia. In this chapter a few examples is selected from the recent literature to illustrate progress in our understanding of neotropical primate biodiversity in the contexts of geographic distribution and taxonomy, habitat evaluation, studies on ecology, evolution and behavior and conservation strategy.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Using marine invertebrates to establish research and conservation priorities
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	James D. Thomas, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 357-369
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	CORAL REEFS INVERTEBRES MARINS CONSERVATION DU MILIEU NATUREL
Résumé :	Oceanic islands and their associated coral reefs have provided scientists with a health of biogeographic information. Levels of biodiversity on modern coral reefs provide a window on past evolutionary events that detail the correlation between biogeographic pattern and geological history. Reefs of the Madang Lagoon in Papua New Guinea exhibit levels of biodiversity exceeding all other reef systems studied thus far. Because of this, the Madang Lagoon represents a scientific and conservation resource of the highest priority. While biodiversity research on coral reefs is in its infancy, the need for this information is acute. Within PNG, a complex pattern of land ownership combined with negligible developmental pressures and resource exploitation have allowed the reefs to remain unaffected by anthropogenic impacts. That situation promises to change as the country seeks to modernize its largely subsistence economy and as rich mineral deposits and timber resources are developed. The rugged topography of the interior of the country virtually assures that the majority of this developmental pressure and impact will be in the coastal region, adjacent to reefs. The reefs of the north coast of PNG provide an unequaled opportunity to study marine biogeography in what is probably a major source of biodiversity for a large area of the South Pacific. Research and conservation efforts must be focused on this invaluable biotic resource before significant impacts occur that will affect yet unstudied and undocumented groups of organisms.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Ecological restoration and the conservation of biodiversity
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	William R. Jordan, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 371-387
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	RESTORATION ECOLOGIQUE BIODIVERSITE CONSERVATION
Résumé :	In this chapter, the author summarizes some of his own ideas about the role of restoration in the conservation of biodiversity. In doing so, he takes into account not only the direct value of restoration as a technology for conserving classic ecosystems against the pressure of novel influences, but also what might be called its indirect value as a way of changing people and bringing them into a positive, mutually beneficial relationship with the classic landscape.So far, evaluations of restoration have concentrated almost exclusively on its product - the restored ecossystem itself - and have overlooked what may well be the most important aspects of restoration - restoration as an experience and a performance, and as a way of bringing about changes in the practitioner in his or her audience. As a result of this one-dimensional evaluation, many of the benefits of restoration simply have been overlooked. Not that the product of restoration effort is unimportant. Restoration is defined -and distinguished from other forms of agriculture-by its product and it deserves to be evaluated on the basis of its ability to produce it. At the same time, whenever there is a product, there is also a process and when humans carry out a process, there are also experience and performance. Taken together, these four dimensions-of product, process, experience and performance-define any act. Value is to be found in all of them, not just the first. This chapter briefly explores each of these dimensions, considering what each has to contribute to the value of ecological restoration as a strategy for conserving biological diversity.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Tropical sustainable development and biodiversity
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Patrick Kangas, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 389-409
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	DEVELOPPEMENT AGRICOLE GEO AFRIQUE DURABILITE BIODIVERSITE CLASSIFICATION MICKELVEY
Résumé :	Sustainable development is one of the great hopes for the conservation of biodiversity. It is a complicated concept that has arisen to synthesize ideas that address environmental impacts and the needs of people. The idea of sustainability or long-term renewable use is old in terms of fisheries and wildlife harvest management. The purpose of this chapter is to review the concept of sustainable development and its relationship with biodiversity. The focus of the chapter is on the tropics where biodiversity is high and environmental impacts are increasing. Biodiversity is needed to help maintain the global life-support system of humanity and as a direct source of products for the economy of humans. Thus a symbiotic relationship between sustainable development and biodiversity in the tropics must be designed. The main value of the lessons described here may be to illustrate that at least some of the current problems of development in the tropics are not new. Although the tropics present unique problems , many ideas for sustainable development are being tested and history can provide more models, however there is an urgency for tropical sustainable development that is new. Sustainable development presents multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary challenges and has led to hybrid approaches such as political ecology, conservation biology and ecological economics. Thus, biologists are learning how to market rain forest products and economists are learning the importance of species diversity in ecosystems. One hopes that there is time to learn these lessons before tropical biodiversity becomes seriously degraded.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Wildland biodiversity management in the tropics
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Daniel H. Janzen, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 411-431
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	TERRE SAUVAGE TROPIQUES GESTION DE LA BIODIVERSITE
Résumé :	The goal of studying studying the biodiversity of wildlands was extirpating, eating, avoiding, inhaling, domesticating and controlling so the author seeks simplification and homogenzation of the natural world to facilitate these activities. The outcome results in three basic kinds of land use : urban, managed agroscape and dwindling wildlands. The urban habitat is viewed as productive even if restive and the agroscape is productive with largely pacific and homogenized biodiversity. The wildlands are viewed as removable, conservable, which means they have been set aside by someone else for strip-mining of their natural products or for social fossilization outside of the national economy. They are like cash in a shoebox under the bed, neither earning interest nor circulating but of value to someone. This perception of tropical wildlands is unfortunate and fortunately it is waning in popularity. They are encouraging nuclei of voices dotted across the tropical landscape arguing that conservable and conserved tropical wildlands are a category of highly productive land-use. Such a shift in social and economic attitudes demands that a conserved wildland be blessed with the level of planning, knowledge, investment, oversight, budget, tehcnology and political attention that has long been characteristic of the more productive sectors of the agroscape and also of a nation’s institutions-highway systems, hospitals and communication and education. Up to the present, nondamaging consumption from wildlands-humanity’s hallmark during the first 99% of human evolution has lost out in competition with the agroscape. Today’s wildlands appear to be less productive than are many kinds of agroscapes. Humanity has cleard the way for its domesticates-including humans that function as urban or rural draft animals. As the desires of humanity become more diverse and perceptive, the value of a unit of wild biodiversity increases. As the knowledge base of humanity increases in bulk and interconnectivity, the intrinsic potential for multiple use of a unit of biodiversity increases. All of these increases are proportional to the investment in them. The outcome is that a smart, modern, tropical government farm and ranches the information in an explicitly designated portion of its wildland biodiversity, just as a smart government resists pulping its national library during a newsprint shortage or using Internet cables to construct fences. It uses the income generated in many currencies to support the costs of managing the conserved wildland, further its development and meet its costs of opportunity. This builds employment and capacity. This is sustainable development-living off the interest rather than consuming the capital.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Taxonomic preparedness: are we ready to meet the biodiversity challenge?
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Quentin D. Wheeler, Auteur ; Joel Cracraft, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 435-446
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	ETAT D’ALERTE DE LA BIODIVERSITE DIVERSITE TAXONOMIQUE GESTION DES ESPECES PROTEGEES
Résumé :	Taxonomic and genetic diversity which seems essential for health, agriculture and ecosystem function, are eroded as wildlands are converted to other uses and many species have become extinct as a result and thousands of others face a similar fate. Humans use tens of thousands of species in their daily livesfor food, shelter, medicines and diverse forms of commerce. As population pressures increase and more and more people make use of other species for subsistence, managing these resources in a sustainable manner is not easy. Modern forms of transportation have reached all corners of the globe so that people, whatever their economic circumstances, are now more mobile than at any other time in human history. As a consequence, thousands of species are transported around the world so new diseases are emerging and agricultural systems are exposed to a multitude of new crop pests; the natural structure and function of ecological communities are being torn apart by the introduction of exotic species and intricates distributions of species produced over thousands of years are being shuffled. Of all the biological information that is needed to manage the world’s species, the most fundamental is that provided by the discipline of systematic biology. Discovery and description of species, then phylogenetic analysis, classification and biogeography provide basic biological information about species, including name, characterization, relationships about species and geographic distribution, thus establishing the foundation for all the other biodiversity sciences such as ecology, population biology,genetics and behavior. Taken in agregate, these components support the ultimate aim of systematics to know and to understand the taxonomic and phylogenetic of life on earth. The continuing loss and degradation of the world’s biological resources comprises the ability of nations to create a sustainable future for their citizens and managing these resources necessitates an increased commitment on the part of the world community to support the biodiversity sciences,especially in the species-rich countries where scientific capacity is least developed. This should include programs to build new or to improve existing infrastructure,enhance human resources and establish a worldwide biodiversity information network.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Museums, research collections and the biodiversity challenge
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Leslie J. Merhoff, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 447-465
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	IMPORTANCE DES MUSEES COLLECTION SCIENTIFIQUE DEFI DE LA BIODIVERSITE
Résumé :	Museums are important tools for inventorying our planet’s biological diversity, second only to the discerning eyes, love of field work and innate senses of the naturalists who collect the specimens. Specimens in museums collections may represent only a portion of the Earth’s biological diversity and inventories must be conducted , specimens collected, identified and named as well as classified. So the current museum backlog must be processed if we are going to have a complete understanding of biodiversity. There are daunting tasks ahead for natural history museums, research collections and the curators, systematists and staff who are responsible for them. There are two types of natural history museums . To most biologists, the word “museum” means research collections and museums are the subject of this chapter. The kind of natural history museum with which most people are familiar, however, emphasizes public exhibits. The importance of this kind of natural history museum in inspiring young naturalists or in educating the millions of people who visit them annually should not be overlooked. Outreach and education are components of most modern research museums and museum exhibits depict biological diversity and serve as a valuable tool for stimulating an interest in natural history as well as educating people about many things. The natural history museum was a place to which the many youngsters who grew up with an interest in natural history could return to see specimens of animals that fascinated them. Museums shaped some people’s lives whose interests have withstood the test of time and the rigors of education, unfortunately, many building careers were detailed later in life for any of a thousand different reasons.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Resources for biodiversity in living collections and the challenges of assessing microbial biodiversity
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Richard O. Roblin, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 467-474
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Résumé :	Ubiquitous microbes are a crucial element in the biological infrastructure of our planet and they break down complex organic materials fore re-use by new generations of plant and animal cells and they are central to the proper functioning of vital geochemical cycles so their genes code for the synthesis of a wide variety of drugs that are essential to to the treatment of of human diseases. Because they spread easily, they are found in air, water and soil as well as on the exterior and interior surfaces of essentially all plants, birds, insects and other animals. In this chapter, the author reviews some of the authenticated microorganisms that living collections can provide for use as reference standards in the assessment of microbial biodiversity. Secondly, he highlights some of the substantial challenges that will be encountered in attempts to describe the extent of microbial diversity in even the smallest areas of the earth. Finally he stresses the importance of collaborative transnational efforts among scientific institutions in the development of programs for measuring and developping the riches of the microbial cornucopia.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Integration of data for biodiversity initiatives
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	David F. Farr, Auteur ; Amy Y. Rossman, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 475-490
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	INITIATIVE BIODIVERSITE PROJET CONSOLIDATION DES DONNEES
Résumé :	Lots of information about biological diversity exist in forms ranging from systematic monographs and regional checklists to the data associated with the millions of specimens held in the nations' collections.This wealth of information should be organized and integrated into a readily accessible, comprehensive knowledge base. Such a knowledge base is needed for global landuse planning to ensure the long-term economic and environmental benefits of these vital biological resources. Although some data about biological diversity are available electronically, most are scattered in the litterature, associated with specimens in museum collections and contained in other resources of the biological disciplines. In addition, existing data often must be edited labouriosly before they can be integrated with other data in electronic form. Yet integration of data about biological diversity is the key to preservation of these biological resources. Capturing this information and integrating it into an accessible knowledge base is a significant step toward cataloging, developing and preserving the world's biodiversity. In order to integrate databases of biological information, two types of activities must be undertaken (1) the actual process of obtaining and integrating data in electronic form and (2) reviewing and reconciling differences in consistency of data. The first activity is computer-oriented and is thus generally easier to complete than the second. Although the second activity should be the purview of the publishing scientist, in reality, those who attempt to integrate data must wrestle with and resolve problems of inconsistencies. Two projects are discussed as examples in which biological data have been integrated to provide a source of information that is useful in managing biological diversity. This is not to imply that these projects are the only examples of such activity or that they are necessarily the most sophisticated, however the projects discussed below have integrated large data sets successfully and can be used as a frame of reference for developing additional approaches to the integration of data for biodiversity initiatives.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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Accompagne Biodiversity II : Understanding and protecting our biological resources / Marjorie L. Reaka-Kudla

Titre :	Information management for biodiversity: a proposed US national biodiversity information center
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Bruce L. Umminger, Auteur ; Steve Young, Auteur
Année de publication :	1996
Importance :	p 491-504
Langues :	Français (fre)
Catégories :	SCIENCES DE LA VIE
Mots-clés :	BIODIVERSITE GESTION D'INFORMATION RESEAU D'INFORMATION CENTRE DE RESSOURCES D'INFORMATION
Résumé :	We have to consider the arenas of finance, weather and sports if we explore the essential role that information management plays in biodiversity conservation. In biodiversity, which affects our lives in the most fundamental ways possible, people are interested in the environment and biodiversity. That interest extends to the natural environment. More people in America visit museums and zoos every year than attend professional sporting events.
Numéro du document :	A/BIO
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	BIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	BIOLOGIE GENERALE

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