Titre :	Global institutions and the environment : an evolutionary perspective
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Marvin S. Soroos, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 27-51
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ACCORD GENERAL  HISTOIRE  INSTITUTION INTERNATIONALE  SOMMETS INTERNATIONAUX  PROGRAMMES INTERNATIONAUX  GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF)
Résumé :	This chapter reviews the roles that global institutions have been playing in addressing threats to the environment posed by human activities. It begins with a historical overview of the subject with emphasis on how other issues, in particular the quest by a growing bloc of developing countries for economic development and equity-have shaped the response of global institutions to environmental problems. This chapter then presents case studies of five global institutions that are key players in addressing environmental concerns. The concluding section asks whether these and other international institutions are adequate to the challenge of responding to the increasingly ominous array of environmental threats and considers alternative forms of global environmental governance that may be more effective in addressing these threats.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Global institutions and the environment : an evolutionary perspective [texte imprimé] / Marvin S. Soroos, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 27-51.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ACCORD GENERAL  HISTOIRE  INSTITUTION INTERNATIONALE  SOMMETS INTERNATIONAUX  PROGRAMMES INTERNATIONAUX  GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT FACILITY (GEF)
Résumé :	This chapter reviews the roles that global institutions have been playing in addressing threats to the environment posed by human activities. It begins with a historical overview of the subject with emphasis on how other issues, in particular the quest by a growing bloc of developing countries for economic development and equity-have shaped the response of global institutions to environmental problems. This chapter then presents case studies of five global institutions that are key players in addressing environmental concerns. The concluding section asks whether these and other international institutions are adequate to the challenge of responding to the increasingly ominous array of environmental threats and considers alternative forms of global environmental governance that may be more effective in addressing these threats.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	The role of environmental NGOs in International regimes
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	John McCornick, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 52-71
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ORGANISATION NON GOUVERNEMENTALE (ONG)  MOUVEMENT INTERNATIONAL  ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE
Résumé :	This chapter examines the roots, the structure, the work and the effects of environmental NGOs. It argues that they have played an important role in influencing the nature of various international regimes, such as those dealing with trade and development and have become important sources of pressure for international action on environmental management. As such, they have contributed to the development of a global civil society within which humans have increasingly come to appreciate that most economic and social problems and environmental problems in particular-are not limited by national boundaries but are part of the common experience of humanity and must be addressed accordingly.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

The role of environmental NGOs in International regimes [texte imprimé] / John McCornick, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 52-71.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ORGANISATION NON GOUVERNEMENTALE (ONG)  MOUVEMENT INTERNATIONAL  ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE
Résumé :	This chapter examines the roots, the structure, the work and the effects of environmental NGOs. It argues that they have played an important role in influencing the nature of various international regimes, such as those dealing with trade and development and have become important sources of pressure for international action on environmental management. As such, they have contributed to the development of a global civil society within which humans have increasingly come to appreciate that most economic and social problems and environmental problems in particular-are not limited by national boundaries but are part of the common experience of humanity and must be addressed accordingly.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	The European Union as an environmental governance system
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Regina S. Axelrod, Auteur ; Norman J. Vig, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 72-97
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	UNION EUROPEENNE  ELABORATION DES POLITIQUES  POLITIQUE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT
Résumé :	The creation of the European Union has transformed western Europe with a goal to establish a common internal economic market, contributing to the openess of national borders and the harmonization of many policies once in the exclusive domain of individual member states. The EU has established some of the strongest and most innovative environmental protection measures in the world and has taken the lead on international environmental issues such as global warming. In principle, environmental protection now enjoys equal weight with economic development in EU policy making. Nevertheless, the EU also faces a number of important problems and opportunities as it becomes a larger and more integrated governance system. This chapter explores the history, institutions, current environmental policies and future challenges of this unique organization.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

The European Union as an environmental governance system [texte imprimé] / Regina S. Axelrod, Auteur ; Norman J. Vig, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 72-97.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	UNION EUROPEENNE  ELABORATION DES POLITIQUES  POLITIQUE DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT
Résumé :	The creation of the European Union has transformed western Europe with a goal to establish a common internal economic market, contributing to the openess of national borders and the harmonization of many policies once in the exclusive domain of individual member states. The EU has established some of the strongest and most innovative environmental protection measures in the world and has taken the lead on international environmental issues such as global warming. In principle, environmental protection now enjoys equal weight with economic development in EU policy making. Nevertheless, the EU also faces a number of important problems and opportunities as it becomes a larger and more integrated governance system. This chapter explores the history, institutions, current environmental policies and future challenges of this unique organization.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	Environmental protection in the Twenty-first century : sustainable development and international law
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Philippe Sands, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 116-137
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  LOI INTERNATIONALE  POLITIQUE TERRITORIALE
Résumé :	This chapter identifies the emerging principle of international law for the protection of the environment. A decade or so ago, a discussion of this topic would have begun as to whether the subject of international environmental law even existed : there were no treaties or journals specifically on the subject, only a very small number of law school seminars were being taught and most treaties on public international law were able to avoid dealing with the environment at all little risk of being criticized for incompleteness. The first part of this chapter describes the historic development of this emerging area of international law, including the institutional arrangements and the traditional legal order within which environmental challenges failed to be addressed. The general principles are then described. The last part sets out basic rules of international environmental law, as well as the principal legal techniques that exist for implementing them.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Environmental protection in the Twenty-first century : sustainable development and international law [texte imprimé] / Philippe Sands, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 116-137.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  LOI INTERNATIONALE  POLITIQUE TERRITORIALE
Résumé :	This chapter identifies the emerging principle of international law for the protection of the environment. A decade or so ago, a discussion of this topic would have begun as to whether the subject of international environmental law even existed : there were no treaties or journals specifically on the subject, only a very small number of law school seminars were being taught and most treaties on public international law were able to avoid dealing with the environment at all little risk of being criticized for incompleteness. The first part of this chapter describes the historic development of this emerging area of international law, including the institutional arrangements and the traditional legal order within which environmental challenges failed to be addressed. The general principles are then described. The last part sets out basic rules of international environmental law, as well as the principal legal techniques that exist for implementing them.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	Compliance with international environmental agreements
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Michael Faure, Auteur ; Jurgen Lefevre, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 138-156
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ACCORD INTERNATIONAL SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT  ONG
Résumé :	In recent decades, new approaches to the drafting, adoption, implementation, operation and enforcement of international environmental treaties have been attempted in an effort to improve the compliance of states with international environmental treaties. This chapter will give a brief overview of the problems experienced with treaty compliance and the solutions sought, both in theory and in practice. The findings of this chapter will be related to three international treaty regimes, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer, the United Nations framework convention on climate change (FCCC) and the EU environmental regime. In addition, other examples of environmental treaties will be given as well. First we discuss the theory of compliance as it has been developed in recent literature and in practice. Second, we give an overview of the sources of compliance and noncompliance, then we examine the methods developed to improve compliance with international environmental treaties.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Compliance with international environmental agreements [texte imprimé] / Michael Faure, Auteur ; Jurgen Lefevre, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 138-156.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ACCORD INTERNATIONAL SUR L'ENVIRONNEMENT  ONG
Résumé :	In recent decades, new approaches to the drafting, adoption, implementation, operation and enforcement of international environmental treaties have been attempted in an effort to improve the compliance of states with international environmental treaties. This chapter will give a brief overview of the problems experienced with treaty compliance and the solutions sought, both in theory and in practice. The findings of this chapter will be related to three international treaty regimes, the Montreal Protocol on Substances that deplete the ozone layer, the United Nations framework convention on climate change (FCCC) and the EU environmental regime. In addition, other examples of environmental treaties will be given as well. First we discuss the theory of compliance as it has been developed in recent literature and in practice. Second, we give an overview of the sources of compliance and noncompliance, then we examine the methods developed to improve compliance with international environmental treaties.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	Economic integration and the environment
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Daniel C. Esty, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 190-209
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	RELATION ECHANGE ENVIRONNEMENT  NAFTA (NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT)  LIBRE ECHANGE
Résumé :	No mention was made of the word “environment” in the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)-the central pillar of the international trading system-negotiated just after World War II. At the time, no one saw much connection between trade liberalization and environmental protection. For the next forty years, trade and environmental policymakers pursued their respective agendas on parallel tracks that rarely, if ever, intersected . In recent years, however, trade and enviromental policymaking have appeared to be linked and the two realms have often seemed to collide. Environmental advocates have come to fear that freer trade means increased pollution and resource depletion. And free traders worry that protectionism in the guise of environmental policy will obstruct efforts to, poen markets and integrate economies around the world. This chapter explores the trade-environment relationship. It argues that freer trade and economic integration more broadly offer the promise of improved social welfare-as do programs aimed at pollution abatement and improved natural resource management. While theoretically not inconsistent, in practice these goals are often not in perfect alignement. Only through concerted policy attention and efforts to overcome conflicts and tensions can both aims to be addressed and progress be made toward sustainable development.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Economic integration and the environment [texte imprimé] / Daniel C. Esty, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 190-209.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	RELATION ECHANGE ENVIRONNEMENT  NAFTA (NORTH AMERICAN FREE TRADE AGREEMENT)  LIBRE ECHANGE
Résumé :	No mention was made of the word “environment” in the original General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)-the central pillar of the international trading system-negotiated just after World War II. At the time, no one saw much connection between trade liberalization and environmental protection. For the next forty years, trade and environmental policymakers pursued their respective agendas on parallel tracks that rarely, if ever, intersected . In recent years, however, trade and enviromental policymaking have appeared to be linked and the two realms have often seemed to collide. Environmental advocates have come to fear that freer trade means increased pollution and resource depletion. And free traders worry that protectionism in the guise of environmental policy will obstruct efforts to, poen markets and integrate economies around the world. This chapter explores the trade-environment relationship. It argues that freer trade and economic integration more broadly offer the promise of improved social welfare-as do programs aimed at pollution abatement and improved natural resource management. While theoretically not inconsistent, in practice these goals are often not in perfect alignement. Only through concerted policy attention and efforts to overcome conflicts and tensions can both aims to be addressed and progress be made toward sustainable development.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	Lapsed leadership : US International Environmental Policy since Rio
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Robert L. Paarlberg, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 236-255
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	POLITIQUE ENVIRONNEMENTALE  CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE
Résumé :	In this chapter, we first review the history of the lapses of US leadership concerning climate change and biodiversity and then seek to explain them. We conclude that despite some superficial similarity, these cases are different. Lagging US leadership on climate change policy is the result of several powerful political factors, including strong domestic opposition from both industry and organized labor, a still-weak scientific consensus on the gains that might come from action, plus an unsolved international cooperation problem. Compared to stratospheric ozone protection, these barriers to action are stronger across the board in climate change policy. In the area of biodiversity protection, however, these barriers to action have been stronger across the board in climate change policy. In the area of biodiversity protection, however, these barriers to action have been weak and faltering US leadership must be explained in other ways. The analysis that follows underscores the difficulty of taking policy action on international environmental problems in the United States. It is rare to see the executive branch and Congress engaged at the same time in the pursuit of the same international environmental policy objective. In the exceptional case of CFCs, all of the most important political forces and factors needed for effective US leadership action fell into place. For climate change and biodiversity, albeit for different reasons, a more typical pattern of interbranch division has blocked effective action.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Lapsed leadership : US International Environmental Policy since Rio [texte imprimé] / Robert L. Paarlberg, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 236-255.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	POLITIQUE ENVIRONNEMENTALE  CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE
Résumé :	In this chapter, we first review the history of the lapses of US leadership concerning climate change and biodiversity and then seek to explain them. We conclude that despite some superficial similarity, these cases are different. Lagging US leadership on climate change policy is the result of several powerful political factors, including strong domestic opposition from both industry and organized labor, a still-weak scientific consensus on the gains that might come from action, plus an unsolved international cooperation problem. Compared to stratospheric ozone protection, these barriers to action are stronger across the board in climate change policy. In the area of biodiversity protection, however, these barriers to action have been stronger across the board in climate change policy. In the area of biodiversity protection, however, these barriers to action have been weak and faltering US leadership must be explained in other ways. The analysis that follows underscores the difficulty of taking policy action on international environmental problems in the United States. It is rare to see the executive branch and Congress engaged at the same time in the pursuit of the same international environmental policy objective. In the exceptional case of CFCs, all of the most important political forces and factors needed for effective US leadership action fell into place. For climate change and biodiversity, albeit for different reasons, a more typical pattern of interbranch division has blocked effective action.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	The dutch national plan for sustainable society
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Duncan Liefferink, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 256-278
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	PAYS BAS  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PLAN (NEPP)  POLITIQUE ENVIRONNEMENTALE
Résumé :	In the beginning of this chapter, the question was raised why and how a policy plan could acquire such a central place in the evolution as well as the international reputation of dutch environmental policy. The 1989 National Environmental Policy Plan (NEPP), rather than concrete policy performance, is the basis of Netherland’s reputation as an environmentally progressive country. In order to understand the full significance of the NEPP, it’s necessary to investigate how the NEPP is rooted in the Dutch political system and how it relates to earlier environmental plans and policies. This is the focus of the next section, where it is shown that the NEPP approach is as much a culmination of earlier trends and initiatives as a revolutionary new start. The third section examines the follow-up and implementation of the NEPP. The NEPP anticipates and works out many elements of Agenda 21 as it was adopted and this may explain why the plan could act as a source of inspiration for the elaboration of similar ideas in other countries as well as at the level of the European Union. The discussion of the international impact of the NEPP in the penultimate section of this chapter enables us to put its allegedly unique and exemplary character in perspective. To what extent then is the reputation of the NEPP justified. In the final section we will come back to this question.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

The dutch national plan for sustainable society [texte imprimé] / Duncan Liefferink, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 256-278.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	PAYS BAS  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY PLAN (NEPP)  POLITIQUE ENVIRONNEMENTALE
Résumé :	In the beginning of this chapter, the question was raised why and how a policy plan could acquire such a central place in the evolution as well as the international reputation of dutch environmental policy. The 1989 National Environmental Policy Plan (NEPP), rather than concrete policy performance, is the basis of Netherland’s reputation as an environmentally progressive country. In order to understand the full significance of the NEPP, it’s necessary to investigate how the NEPP is rooted in the Dutch political system and how it relates to earlier environmental plans and policies. This is the focus of the next section, where it is shown that the NEPP approach is as much a culmination of earlier trends and initiatives as a revolutionary new start. The third section examines the follow-up and implementation of the NEPP. The NEPP anticipates and works out many elements of Agenda 21 as it was adopted and this may explain why the plan could act as a source of inspiration for the elaboration of similar ideas in other countries as well as at the level of the European Union. The discussion of the international impact of the NEPP in the penultimate section of this chapter enables us to put its allegedly unique and exemplary character in perspective. To what extent then is the reputation of the NEPP justified. In the final section we will come back to this question.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	Democracy and nuclear power in the Czech Republic
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Regina S. Axelrod, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 279-299
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	REPUBLIQUE TCHEQUE  ENERGIE NUCLEAIRE  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
Résumé :	This chapter explores the construction of the one-thousand megawatt Temelin nuclear power plant in Czech Republic . The chapter not only provides an opportunity for explaining the extent to which sustainable development policy is being addressed in a former Soviet bloc country but also offer insights into the problems of building democratic institutions in such a country. In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell and Communism as it was known ended in central and eastern Europe, but the transition to democracy and a market economy has been more complex than most westerners anticipated.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Democracy and nuclear power in the Czech Republic [texte imprimé] / Regina S. Axelrod, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 279-299.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	REPUBLIQUE TCHEQUE  ENERGIE NUCLEAIRE  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE
Résumé :	This chapter explores the construction of the one-thousand megawatt Temelin nuclear power plant in Czech Republic . The chapter not only provides an opportunity for explaining the extent to which sustainable development policy is being addressed in a former Soviet bloc country but also offer insights into the problems of building democratic institutions in such a country. In 1989, the Iron Curtain fell and Communism as it was known ended in central and eastern Europe, but the transition to democracy and a market economy has been more complex than most westerners anticipated.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	Mining, environmental protection and sustainable development in Indonesia
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Richard O. Miller, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 317-352
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  INDONESIE  EXPLOITATION MINIERE
Résumé :	The purpose of this chapter is to describe the mining sector’s role in development and social change in Indonesia and its contribution to promoting or retarding sustainable development. A major focus of this chapter is the implementation of environmental policy in a developing country such as Indonesia.One scholar named Dwight King has suggested that actual policy implementation is often difficult in developing countries because they lack the institutional infrastructure and other resources needed to translate generalyzed policy into specific actions needed for successful implementation, thus many developing countries have laudable objectives for environmental enactments and regulatory schemes, however these don’t lead necessarily to environmental protection on the ground.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Mining, environmental protection and sustainable development in Indonesia [texte imprimé] / Richard O. Miller, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 317-352.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  INDONESIE  EXPLOITATION MINIERE
Résumé :	The purpose of this chapter is to describe the mining sector’s role in development and social change in Indonesia and its contribution to promoting or retarding sustainable development. A major focus of this chapter is the implementation of environmental policy in a developing country such as Indonesia.One scholar named Dwight King has suggested that actual policy implementation is often difficult in developing countries because they lack the institutional infrastructure and other resources needed to translate generalyzed policy into specific actions needed for successful implementation, thus many developing countries have laudable objectives for environmental enactments and regulatory schemes, however these don’t lead necessarily to environmental protection on the ground.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	The three gorges dam and the issue of sustainable development in China
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Lawrence R. Sullivan, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 300-316
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	CHINE  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  POLLUTION  UTILISATION DES TERRES
Résumé :	This chapter examines the various controversies that have involved the Three Gorges Dam in regard to the overall compatibility of this project with the goals and parameters of sustainable development. Specifically, it will summarize the contending positions of dam supporters and opponents in China over two key components of the sustainable development model mentioned above : land usage and popular input. To be sure, in China’s media this has been a one-sided debate, since the government will allow only positive reporting about the dam. Despite such authoritarian structures-which at first glance violate the concept of popular input-dam critics in and outside the Chinese government have made their views known.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

The three gorges dam and the issue of sustainable development in China [texte imprimé] / Lawrence R. Sullivan, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 300-316.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	CHINE  DEVELOPPEMENT DURABLE  POLLUTION  UTILISATION DES TERRES
Résumé :	This chapter examines the various controversies that have involved the Three Gorges Dam in regard to the overall compatibility of this project with the goals and parameters of sustainable development. Specifically, it will summarize the contending positions of dam supporters and opponents in China over two key components of the sustainable development model mentioned above : land usage and popular input. To be sure, in China’s media this has been a one-sided debate, since the government will allow only positive reporting about the dam. Despite such authoritarian structures-which at first glance violate the concept of popular input-dam critics in and outside the Chinese government have made their views known.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	The United Nations Climate Change agreements
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Michael R. Molitor, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 210-235
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ACCORD SUR LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE  SYSTEME CLIMATIQUE  EFFET DE SERRE  PROTOCOLE DE KYOTO
Résumé :	FCCC or (Framework Convention on Climate Change)was adopted by 159 nations in 1992 and its principal objective is to stabilize concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. This statment assumes that the governments participating in the UNCCR or (United Nations Climate Change Regime) will cooperate to control the range of human activities that are capable of altering the climate system as well as manage the predicted future consequences of the resulting changes. To understand and evaluate the FCCC and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol as multilateral policy responses, it requires knowledge of these human activities as well as their predictable and measurable consequences. Climate change represents an unprecedented policy problem for the international community for a number of important reasons. The FCCC and the Kyoto protocol are examples of unique responses to a global problem of concern to the entire international community. These multilateral agreements signal a fundamental relations and now characterize a world of increasing global interdependence. Principle 21 of the declaration, directed at the existing transboundary pollution issues, held that governments enjoy a sovereign right to exploit their natural resources but that, in so doing, they are responsible for any resulting environmental damage that occurs outside their territory. The global impact of human enterprise is now so great that many of the basic industrial and agricultural activities that support national economies produce, for example greenhouse gas emissions capable of generating consequences on a global scale. The FCCC and the Kyoto protocol are evidence of an important shift from the the regulation of transboundary pollution to global environmental change as the leading environmental issue facing the international community at the end of the twentieh century.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

The United Nations Climate Change agreements [texte imprimé] / Michael R. Molitor, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 210-235.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	ACCORD SUR LE CHANGEMENT CLIMATIQUE  SYSTEME CLIMATIQUE  EFFET DE SERRE  PROTOCOLE DE KYOTO
Résumé :	FCCC or (Framework Convention on Climate Change)was adopted by 159 nations in 1992 and its principal objective is to stabilize concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system. This statment assumes that the governments participating in the UNCCR or (United Nations Climate Change Regime) will cooperate to control the range of human activities that are capable of altering the climate system as well as manage the predicted future consequences of the resulting changes. To understand and evaluate the FCCC and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol as multilateral policy responses, it requires knowledge of these human activities as well as their predictable and measurable consequences. Climate change represents an unprecedented policy problem for the international community for a number of important reasons. The FCCC and the Kyoto protocol are examples of unique responses to a global problem of concern to the entire international community. These multilateral agreements signal a fundamental relations and now characterize a world of increasing global interdependence. Principle 21 of the declaration, directed at the existing transboundary pollution issues, held that governments enjoy a sovereign right to exploit their natural resources but that, in so doing, they are responsible for any resulting environmental damage that occurs outside their territory. The global impact of human enterprise is now so great that many of the basic industrial and agricultural activities that support national economies produce, for example greenhouse gas emissions capable of generating consequences on a global scale. The FCCC and the Kyoto protocol are evidence of an important shift from the the regulation of transboundary pollution to global environmental change as the leading environmental issue facing the international community at the end of the twentieh century.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	The emerging structure of International environmental law
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Edith Brown Weiss, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 98-115
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	DROIT INTERNATIONAL  ENVIRONNEMENT  POLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE  POLITIQUE DE RESPONSABILISATION
Résumé :	Peace, in general, established a new international order, based on sovereign, independent and territorialy defined states, each striving to maintain political independence and territorial integrity. Since a state could rely on self-help if attacked, new rules were needed to constrain state behavior. In this view, international law is instrumentalist and it affects behavior and the interests of states by altering incentives. It does not admit easily that states' interests may change over time in response to events today.It adopts the realist school view that states are monolithic bodies and does not assign importance to entities within states, trnasnational entities or individuals. This classical framwork of international law centers on states, relies on binding legal instruments to provide solutions to clearly defined problems and assumes that states comply with the obligations they have assumed. The line between international and domestic law is sharply drawn as is that between public and private international law.Public international law governs intergovernmental relations, while private international law regulates the activities of individuals, corporations and private entities engaged in transborder transactions (choice of law rules, rules relating to international transactions, such as shipping terms and letters of credit). The international system is rapidly changing and with it the structure of international law. Two changes have profound implications for the structure of international law : the simultaneous push toward integration and fragmentation; and the rise of thousands of organizations and millions of individuals as relevant actors.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

The emerging structure of International environmental law [texte imprimé] / Edith Brown Weiss, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 98-115.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	DROIT INTERNATIONAL  ENVIRONNEMENT  POLITIQUE INTERNATIONALE  POLITIQUE DE RESPONSABILISATION
Résumé :	Peace, in general, established a new international order, based on sovereign, independent and territorialy defined states, each striving to maintain political independence and territorial integrity. Since a state could rely on self-help if attacked, new rules were needed to constrain state behavior. In this view, international law is instrumentalist and it affects behavior and the interests of states by altering incentives. It does not admit easily that states' interests may change over time in response to events today.It adopts the realist school view that states are monolithic bodies and does not assign importance to entities within states, trnasnational entities or individuals. This classical framwork of international law centers on states, relies on binding legal instruments to provide solutions to clearly defined problems and assumes that states comply with the obligations they have assumed. The line between international and domestic law is sharply drawn as is that between public and private international law.Public international law governs intergovernmental relations, while private international law regulates the activities of individuals, corporations and private entities engaged in transborder transactions (choice of law rules, rules relating to international transactions, such as shipping terms and letters of credit). The international system is rapidly changing and with it the structure of international law. Two changes have profound implications for the structure of international law : the simultaneous push toward integration and fragmentation; and the rise of thousands of organizations and millions of individuals as relevant actors.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Titre :	Agenda 21 : myth or reality?
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Gary C. Bryner, Auteur
Année de publication :	1999
Importance :	p 157-189
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	AGENDA 21  POLITIQUE DE PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT  POLITIQUE DE DEVELOPPEMENT SOCIAL  OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (ODA)
Résumé :	The Earth Summit and Agenda 21 in particular reflected the view that achieving the global agenda of environmental sustainability requires the participation of the developing countries, the South as well as the industrial nations, the North and that the North must play a major role in funding investments in sustainable development. That view is based on at least three major arguments that are central to understanding and assessing Agenda 21 and the Earth Summit itself. First, the countries of the South play a key role in accomplishing the goals of these and other global environmental accords such as the Montréal Protocol to the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. The southern countries are a growing source of greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting emissions and their forests play an important role in absorbing carbon dioxyde from the atmosphere. Their lands are also home to much of the world's biodiversity. Second, the North has a moral obligation to provide financial and technical assistance to the South : the North is the primary source of greenhouse and ozone-threatening gases but also has the resources to mitigate many of the effects of changes to the atmosphere; the South is less reponsible for the problem but much more likely to suffer the adverse consequences because its residents lack the resources to mitigate the effects. Industrial nations control the technology that can solve the problem but cooperation from the the developing countries is essential. Third, the interests of the North largely dominate the global environmental protection and economic development agendas; the conference at Rio and subsequent meetings have recognized that more of the interests of the South might be pursued if they are linked to the interests of the North.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE

Agenda 21 : myth or reality? [texte imprimé] / Gary C. Bryner, Auteur . - 1999 . - p 157-189.
Langues : Anglais (eng)

Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	AGENDA 21  POLITIQUE DE PROTECTION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT  POLITIQUE DE DEVELOPPEMENT SOCIAL  OVERSEAS DEVELOPMENT ASSISTANCE (ODA)
Résumé :	The Earth Summit and Agenda 21 in particular reflected the view that achieving the global agenda of environmental sustainability requires the participation of the developing countries, the South as well as the industrial nations, the North and that the North must play a major role in funding investments in sustainable development. That view is based on at least three major arguments that are central to understanding and assessing Agenda 21 and the Earth Summit itself. First, the countries of the South play a key role in accomplishing the goals of these and other global environmental accords such as the Montréal Protocol to the 1985 Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer. The southern countries are a growing source of greenhouse gas and ozone-depleting emissions and their forests play an important role in absorbing carbon dioxyde from the atmosphere. Their lands are also home to much of the world's biodiversity. Second, the North has a moral obligation to provide financial and technical assistance to the South : the North is the primary source of greenhouse and ozone-threatening gases but also has the resources to mitigate many of the effects of changes to the atmosphere; the South is less reponsible for the problem but much more likely to suffer the adverse consequences because its residents lack the resources to mitigate the effects. Industrial nations control the technology that can solve the problem but cooperation from the the developing countries is essential. Third, the interests of the North largely dominate the global environmental protection and economic development agendas; the conference at Rio and subsequent meetings have recognized that more of the interests of the South might be pursued if they are linked to the interests of the North.
Numéro du document :	A/RI
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	RELATION INTERNATIONALE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	ORGANISATION INTERNATIONALE