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The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

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Titre :	The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Tachibanaki Toshiaki, Auteur
Editeur :	Long-Term Credit Bank of Japan (LTCB)
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	290 p.
ISBN/ISSN/EAN :	978-4-924971-28-8
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	JAPON GENRE RELATION MATRIMONIALE FEMME AU TRAVAIL INEGALITE SOCIALE
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC 730
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

Est accompagné de

The gender gap

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	The gender gap
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 1-40
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	JAPON ECART D’AGE GENRE ETUDE DEMOGRAPHIQUE MENAGE STYLE DE VIE EDUCATION
Résumé :	Although the main focus of this book is inequalities among women, it is also important to compare women with the other gender, namely men. When we detect a gap among women, we must determine whether this has been affected by a disparity with men-has resulted from a gender gap-or whether it is solely due to factors unique to women. A simple example serves to illustrate this concept. Research has shown a disparity among women in terms of occupation or job: women hold few managerial, specialized or management-track positions but are concentrated in non-managerial, secretarial or clerical-track jobs. This situation,however,is related to the level and type of education that women receive. A small percentage of women go on to higher education than do men, and many men are trained in the social and natural sciences. The percentage of women who attend four-year universities is still low and those who do tend to major in the humanities and arts. It is easier therefore, for men to find managerial, specialized and management-track positions. Women, on the other hand, acquire an education that makes them poorly suited for such positions. Thus, the disparity in occupation noted among women is in fact affected by the disparity in education between men and women.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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Women and social class

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	Women and social class
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 41-66
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	GENRE JAPON CLASSE SOCIALE FEMME AU TRAVAIL
Résumé :	In this study of the new inequality among women in Japan, the first issue the author wants to look at is women’s social class or women’s status. Specific variables associated with inequality include income, assets, standard of living, education, occupation, employment status, marriage and children but class –or household’s overall livelihood and social standing –can be considered as encompassing all of these. Therefore, before examining inequality among women in relation to each of those individual variables, he analyzes class or status in relation to women to gain an overview. This issue of women and social class/status presents us with a very complex problem: should we derive a woman’s class/status based on the woman herself or based on the household of which the woman is a part? If we focus on the woman herself, no particular problem in assigning class arises if she is unmarried. If we focus on the household, the woman might have a husband and she herself may or may not be engaged in paid employment. The question then arises of on whom the household’s status should be based: should we focus on the husband or the wife or both? Rather complex issues arise, therefore, when we focus on the household in assigning class. In this chapter, the author first wrestles with this issue: how should a woman’s social class be determined? Once he considers that issue, he looks at the impact the social class of parents has on that of a daughter. He also looks at the social class that a daughter joins when she marries and creates a household of her own. Of course, the question of what social class men join when they marry is also intriguing but it cannot be denied that marriage has a much greater impact on the social class of women.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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Disparities in education

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	Disparities in education
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 67-92
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	JAPON EDUCATION DES FEMMES GENRE
Résumé :	While almost all children finish compulsory education, some continue on to high school, junior college, university and graduate school. In this chapter, the author looks at the level of education that women attain in Japan, analyzing the inequalities or differentials that arise among highly educated women and those who end their studies at an earlier age. Before focusing on women’s education, however, we should take a look at more general issues, such as why a person seeks education and the conditions surrounding that education. Since there are issues common to both men and women and issues unique to women, he starts with an overview of the matters common to both genders. Women can be classified into highly educated and lesser educated at the end of their school education and some very interesting issues arise due to the impact of this division on women’s subsequent employment and lifestyle, as we note later in this chapter. We see that while it is true that a highly that a highly educated woman is one who has graduated from junior college or university and a lesser-educated woman is someone who has graduated from junior high or high school, that distinction must be modified somewhat depending on the historical period.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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Marriage and divorce

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	Marriage and divorce
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 93-131
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	MARIAGE DIVORCE JAPON RELATION MATRIMONIALE CHOIX DE PARTENAIRE
Résumé :	The lament is frequently heard in Japan these days that women no longer want to marry and have children but is that really so? This chapter looks into why people decide to marry and how they choose a marriage partner and how those marriages fare. The rise in the divorce rate also receives much comment. Until two or three decades ago, few japanese couples divorced even if they were unhappy in their marriages. This reality is reflected in the following sayings and comments: “A child cements a marriage”. “Divorce might hurt my reputation”. “I have a hard time making ends meet if get divorced”. “The japanese divorce rate is in fact rising today, though, so we need to investigate why this has occurred”.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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Children and a woman’s life

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	Children and a woman’s life
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 132-168
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	JAPON ENFANTS NAISSANCE TAUX DE NATALITE
Résumé :	As noted in chapter 1, the birthrate in Japan is falling and in this chapter the author looks into this matter in more detail. Why is there a difference among the number of children that couples say they would ideally like to have, the number they plan to have and the number they actually have? To answer this question, we need to investigate the motivations behind the decision to have children as well as the factors that serve to inhibit couples from enlarging families. Then we are in a better position to consider policies that might be taken to alleviate the conditions acting to depress the birthrate in Japan. Then we look at the impact of having-or no having-children on women’s lives in terms of both macroeconomics and of social inequalities.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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Full-time homemakers and working women

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	Full-time homemakers and working women
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 169-194
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	JAPON GENRE FEMME TRAVAILLEUSE MENAGE A PLEIN TEMPS
Résumé :	It seems at first glance that full-time homemakers have an advantage over working women and people tend to think that full-time homemakers enjoy carefree lives because they do not have to work to make a living. This idea is captured in an older Japanese phrase once used to describe such women: “three meals and naps included”. In other words, a homemaker is guaranteed three meals a day without working because she can live off her husband’s money and she also has the luxury of taking naps because she has lots of free time. Full-time homemakers actually work, though a very small number of wealthy families may have housekeepers, but most full-time homemakers handle the housework and childcare. Their work hours may not be as long as those of working women, but they are not short either. The key difference is that working women earn wages because they work outside the home, while full-time homemakers are not paid for their labor. What about working women? Such women do earn wages for their labor outside the home, but working wives are still responsible for housework and often, childcare –unpaid labor in the home. A woman trying to do both have very long work hours indeed unless her husband helps her at home. It is very hard both mentally and physically on a woman to have work responsibilities both at home and at the office. To avoid overextending themselves, wives sometimes shorten the number of hours they work outside the home by taking part-time positions or they may pay an outside party to help with the housework and childcare. It is not easy to determine whether full-time homemakers or working women are more fortunate. Comparing the two groups, the author finds that each has different responsibilities and the decision of who is luckier also depends on how monetary remuneration and unpaid labor are viewed. He likes to explore this question in more depth below, considering these two groups from various perspectives in order to reach a more informed judgment.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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Women and japanese companies I: career tracking and promotion

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	Women and japanese companies I: career tracking and promotion
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 195-226
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	JAPON FEMME AU TRAVAIL SUIVI DE CARRIERE SYSTEME DE SUIVI DES CANDIDATURES
Résumé :	Women face various choices regarding their work lives. First they have to decide whether or not to work. If they decide to work, they then have two major choices: (1) whether to work in a management-track position or a clerical-track position and (2) whether to work as a regular, full-time employee or as a non-regular employee (part-time worker, dispatched worker, contract employee, etc.) There are also the questions of whether to be hired by a company or to be self-employed, what occupation to take up and what industry to enter. The first two choices of employee status -management track versus clerical track; regular employee versus nonregular employee- are of particular interest in this study of disparities among women. In this chapter, the author looks more closely at the role of career tracking in Japanese companies as well as at how Japanese companies choose who to promote and how this affects women. The question of regular and nonregular employment is taken up in the next chapter.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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Women and japanese companies II: regular and non regular employees

Accompagne The new paradox for japanese women: greater choice, greater inequality / Tachibanaki Toshiaki

Titre :	Women and japanese companies II: regular and non regular employees
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	2010
Importance :	p 227-264
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES SOCIALES
Mots-clés :	JAPON EMPLOI INEGALITE DE SALAIRE GENRE FEMME AU TRAVAIL
Résumé :	More and more women are working outside the home these days but what form does that employment take? Considering their family responsibilities and varied motives for working, we can expect no one uniform pattern of employment for all women. This chapter looks into these differences in more detail, paying particular attention to the divide between regular, permanent employees and the large number of employees in nonregular work situations- contract workers, dispatched workers, part-time workers. As the life goals, work styles and labor conditions of these various types of nonregular workers differ quite a bit, it is inappropriate to lump them all together as exploited employees working under less-than-desirable terms. Nonetheless, nonregular employment has a major impact on inequalities among women so the author looks at this issue in some depth. In terms of supply and demand in the labor market, the number of nonregular workers, particularly nonregular female workers, has increased due to factors related to both workers and employers. What exactly are these factors? Are the supply-side or the demand-side factors stronger? Of course, we cannot ignore the role of the recession that has plagued Japan for the past ten to fifteen years and must also consider the future impact of broader economic an societal trends, such as the decreasing birthrate and the aging of society. After examining these issues, the author offers a brief outlook for the future.
Numéro du document :	A 9927/SOC
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	SOCIOLOGIE
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	GROUPES SOCIAUX

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