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Farming in nature’s image / Judith D. Soule

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Titre :	Farming in nature’s image : An ecological approach to agriculture
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Auteurs :	Judith D. Soule, Auteur ; Jon K. Piper, Auteur
Editeur :	Washington [USA] : Judith D.Soule and Jon K. Piper
Année de publication :	1992
Importance :	286 p.
ISBN/ISSN/EAN :	978-0-933280-88-5
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Numéro du document :	A 10266/A00 558
Niveau Bibliographique :	2

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Ecological crises of modern agriculture

Accompagne Farming in nature’s image / Judith D. Soule

Titre :	Ecological crises of modern agriculture
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Année de publication :	1992
Importance :	p 11-50
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES AGRICOLES
Mots-clés :	CONTAMINATION CHIMIQUE RESISTANCE AUX PESTICIDES DEGRADATION DE L’ENVIRONNEMENT
Résumé :	Pollution, depletion, degradation, erosion, contamination, poisoning-these are terms usually associated with heavy industry and cities, not with our green countryside of fields and scattered farmsteads, but these are all terms that are applicable to the environmental problems caused by conventional US agriculture today. Agriculture has become very like traditional manufacturing industries, with many of the same environmental risks and waste-disposal problems among its side effects. This analogy has a dangerous flaw : because of agriculture’s extensiveness and its use of toxins that are broadcast into the environment, its impacts are more wide-ranging than those of most other industries. In fact, they are so widespread that they are generally overlooked. This chapter explores the major ecological problems of agriculture : soil erosion, loss of genetic and biotic diversity, depletion of energy and water resources, chemical contamination of water, workers and food and creation of new and more serious pest problems. The breadth and seriousness of these problems present strong evidence that current agricultural practices are ecologically unstainable.
Numéro du document :	A 10266/A00
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	AGRICULTURE EN GENERAL
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	AGRICULTURE-CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES

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Roots of the crises

Accompagne Farming in nature’s image / Judith D. Soule

Titre :	Roots of the crises
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Importance :	p 51-83
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES AGRICOLES
Mots-clés :	AGRIBUSINESS CONFLIT AGRICOLE AGRICULTURE INDUSTRIALISEE CRISE AGRICOLE
Résumé :	The twentieth century has seen revolutionary changes in the way agriculture is practiced. Farming has moved from a cultural art, handed down from generation to generation, to an industry, taught as a profession by expert specialist who may have farmed a day in their lives. Along with the rise in production that accompanied the change to industry have come the environmental problems of industry, a drastic reduction in the number of farmers and economic instability. As the world itself implies, agriculture is a part of culture and the roots of the current problems in agriculture can be traced directly to basic cultural values. Both scientific and economic choices effect these values, though they rarely acknowledged outright. This chapter traces the roots of the problems described in chapter 1 to the different phases of agricultural industrialization and it explores the scientific setting of agriculture for the philosophical and practical reasons behind the choice of specific research problems and the types of solutions obtained. Next comes an examination of cultural values that have shaped the modern perspective on agriculture and produced the current unsustainable system. Finally, the discussion moves to the concept of sustainability, what this means in agricultural systems and what changes in cultural values and in scientific and economic choices are necessary to accommodate a goal of sustainable agriculture.
Numéro du document :	A 10266/A00
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	AGRICULTURE EN GENERAL
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	AGRICULTURE-CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES

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An ecological perspective on sustainability

Accompagne Farming in nature’s image / Judith D. Soule

Titre :	An ecological perspective on sustainability
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Importance :	p 84-122
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES AGRICOLES
Mots-clés :	AGRICULTURE DURABLE PERSPECTIVE ECOLOGIQUE FONCTIONNEMENT DE L’ECOSYSTEME NITROGENE
Résumé :	The preceding chapters have established that current agricultural practices are biologically and economically unsustainable and that these practices are rooted in the science, research institutions, government policies, private enterprise, economic system and underlying philosophies and values of society. Given these roots, it is not surprising that conventional institutions have been unable to address adequately the problems of agriculture. The ecological perspective has been introduced as a perspective that is more compatible with a goal of sustainability. This chapter takes off from that point to explore the ecological aspects of sustainability and to outline the basic changes in perspective that this concept requires of agriculture. Because the failures of industrial agriculture have underlying biological causes, this chapter examines what ecology and related sciences can explain about the sustainability of natural ecosystems. Natural ecosystems can show us how nature maintains a dynamic equilibrum and circumvents the environmental problems now encountered by agriculture. Nutrient dynamics, energy flow, soil building, successional changes, population changes, interactions between species, disturbance and plant life histories are important aspects of natural dynamics discussed here. The chapter closes with a summary of some important ways in which conventional agriculture differs from natural ecosystems in terms of sustainability.
Numéro du document :	A 10266/A00
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	AGRICULTURE EN GENERAL
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	AGRICULTURE-CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES

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A new agricultural perspective : the case for ecological agriculture

Accompagne Farming in nature’s image / Judith D. Soule

Titre :	A new agricultural perspective : the case for ecological agriculture
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Importance :	p 123-157
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES AGRICOLES
Mots-clés :	AGRICULTURE ECOLOGIQUE AGRICULTURE DURABLE MODELE AGRICOLE PRAIRIE
Résumé :	The image of a modern corn field is that of a neat, geometric box with sharply creased edges, hard corners, a crew-cut-even top and straight rows cutting across bare, exposed soil in neat green and brown stripes. It is a crisp, brittle image, pleasing perhaps to eyes with an industrial bias. The image of a natural ecosystem-the prairie, for example-is that of fuzzy blanket, with an intricate design of many hues, tightly woven but fraying at the edges so that it is without sharp boundaries and interwoven with the fabric of the earth that it covers protectively. It is a soft, resilient image, pleasing perhaps to eyes with an ecological bias. The two images bear little likeness, except for overall greenness. The second image is chosen here as a model for imparting nature’s steadiness, resilience and sustainability to agriculture. How can the transition be made? How can agriculture be transformed ? This chapter describes a possible path for that transformation. Presented first are several examples-integrated pest management, intercropping and conservation tillage-where agriculture has successfully incorporated selected ecological processes extracted from nature. Next, the chapter’s central theme is introduced and developed : that local ecosystems provide the most appropriate structural models for agriculture. By mimicking a natural vegetation structure, farmers can copy a whole package of patterns and processes that have developed and worked in an ecological or evolutionary time frame. With this structural approach, a multitude of beneficial ecological processes can be incorporated into agroecosystems. This orientation departs radically from the narrow single problem/single solution approach typical of agricultural science. Examples of agricultural systems based more or less on this concept are found around the world and several are reviewed here : native american agriculture in warm deserts, temperate agroforestry, tropical successional agriculture and tropical agroforestry. Finally, a proposal is presented for the north american grain belt : polycultures of herbaceous perennial seed crops designed to mimic native prairie ecosystems.
Numéro du document :	A 10266/A00
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	AGRICULTURE EN GENERAL
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	AGRICULTURE-CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES

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The feasibility of a prairie-like agriculture

Accompagne Farming in nature’s image / Judith D. Soule

Titre :	The feasibility of a prairie-like agriculture
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Importance :	p 158-196
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES AGRICOLES
Mots-clés :	MODELE AGRICOLE PRAIRIE AGRICULTURE DURABLE LAND EQUIVALENT RATIO (LER)
Résumé :	This chapter discusses the potential benefits of an agriculture, modeled on native prairie, composed of mixtures of perennial seed crops for human consumption. This agriculture would yield and provide much of its own fertility and manage troublesome weeds, insects and plant diseases. The prairie is a structural and functional model for perennial polyculture research. Of course, the analogy is not perfect as the prairie produces only small amounts of seed. By mimicking the prairie’s structure-that is, herbaceous perennial plants growing in diverse, complementary mixtures-some of the sustainable features of the prairie community would be incorporated into agriculture. These features include soil building through the turnover of roots, reduced soil erosion, biological nitrogen fixation, efficient use of soil resources via minimal overlap among plant species and stability and resilience of crop fields in the face of climatic extremes. This chapter also explores the feasibility of designing an agriculture that incorporates the principles of prairie ecology by mimicking the structure of the prairie. The purpose here is to support the scientific feasibility of the proposal with experimental data related to four critical subjects sufficiency of seed yields from perennials, yield advantages of polycultures over monocultures, soil fertility and relationships among crops, weeds and diseases in polyculture and monoculture. It begins by introducing four basic questions that guide much of the Land Institute’s research toward a sustainable agriculture. It then recounts studies from the literature that support the feasibility of developing successful seed-producing perennial polycultures. It continues with the results of studies at the Land Institute specifically designed for the purpose of developing this form of agriculture. As a way of inviting others to join in this work, the chapter concludes with a list of some of the broader research in pure and applied sciences (plant ecology, plant breeding, soil science, population genetics, entomology and animal science) that is needed to develop workable perennial polycultures.
Numéro du document :	A 10266/A00
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	AGRICULTURE EN GENERAL
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	AGRICULTURE-CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES

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Culturing sustainability

Accompagne Farming in nature’s image / Judith D. Soule

Titre :	Culturing sustainability
Type de document :	texte imprimé
Importance :	p 197-229
Langues :	Anglais (eng)
Catégories :	SCIENCES AGRICOLES
Mots-clés :	DURABILITE RECHERCHE AGRICOLE POLYCULTURE FINANCEMENT AGRICOLE
Résumé :	A sustainable agriculture requires and supports a sustainable society. The challenge is to meet human needs without denying our descendant’s birthright to the natural inheritance of this planet. While farms designed in nature’s image may provide the ecological ingredients of sustainability, this is only part of the picture of sustainable agriculture, for it is also necessary to address how people fit into the system. The scientific feasibility of perennial polycultures may be irrelevant if they prove to be impractical from a social, economic or institutional viewpoint. This chapter addresses some of the human aspects of the feasibility of perennial polycultures. Whereas some aspects of present-day culture are highly conservative and bode ill for such a radical change in how food is grown, other signs are hopeful, indicating that change is already afoot. While a thorough review of all the consequences of such a change is beyond the authors’ predictive powers, the chapter begins by addressing three important concerns : food costs, acceptance of of new foods and effects on farm size, profitability, social sustainability. The rest of the chapter focuses on preconditions that are necessary to make a change to perennial polyculture farming feasible in human terms.
Numéro du document :	A 10266/A00
Niveau Bibliographique :	2
Bull1 (Theme principale) :	AGRICULTURE EN GENERAL
Bull2 (Theme secondaire) :	AGRICULTURE-CONSIDERATIONS GENERALES

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